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Economic development, war, and military effectiveness Research Paper

Research Paper Instructions:

Hi, I first need to have an outline(include with topic and thesis statement) for "Economic development, war, and military effectiveness(security dilemma)"



and the outline looks like this:



Planning with an Outline





Topic:______________________



I Introduction (Paragraph 1)

A. Hook:

B. Connecting Information:

C. Thesis Statement:



II Body( Support)

A. Paragraph 2(Pro argument) topic sentence:

1

2

3 Transition sentence:





B. Paragraph 3(Pro argument) topic Sentence:



1.

2.

3. Transition sentence:



C. Paragraph 4(Pro argument) topic Sentence:



1.

2.

3. Transition sentence:



D. Paragraph 5(Counterargument and Refutation) topic Sentence:



1. Counterargument

2. Refutation



E. Conclusion (Paragraph 6) (restated thesis),



Then i need 25 pages of research papers with annotated bibliography



The outlined deadline is today.





thesis statement and rough outline due now, today.



1. The thesis statement should be 1-2 sentences in which you say specifically what you're currently planning to argue about.

2. The outline should explain how you think you will organize your research and argument.

3.The outline paragraphs A, B, and C need more the background section and i need a more specific argument.(Please do not make too broad thesis statement or argument in each paragraph)

ED_Planning_with_an_Outline_001.docx





Research Paper Sample Content Preview:
Correlation Between Populism and Political Corruption: The Continuous Rise of Populism and How Populist Ways of Governance Lead to Persistent Political Corruption in The United States and Other Countries.Kyung H Ashcraft
Correlation Between Populism and Political Corruption: The Continuous Rise of Populism and How Populist Ways of Governance Lead to Persistent Political Corruption in The United States and other Countries.
Based on the populist theoretical framework, a common aspect of the political landscape is the corrupt, few, and the honest majority. The political system was structured in a dualistic manner between the elite and people. The foundation also is on widespread mistrust of the leaders or elites. The differences force those in power to use state resources to protect their power by distributing favors through corrupt means. Populist leaders tend to focus on enriching themselves and marginalizing some of the majority. Populists have a particular goal with the elections. They use them as a tool to reveal the fraudulent majority that already exists in populist leaders' minds in the country and that the leader helps to push them to the surface and make them victorious. In this paper, I will argue that populist leaders in the United States and other countries tend to use state resources and the power given to them by the citizens to promote selfish interest; hence, enriching themselves and favoring close friends and family, and marginalizing some of the majority. The majority's marginalization comes from the existence of a powerful male minority who have long claimed to speak for the people of the United States. In reality, the privileged minority are usually deeply out of contact with an increasingly multicultural society with diverse culture and choices.[Urbinati, Nadia. "Political theory of populism." Annual Review of Political Science 22 (2019): 1-13.] [Ibid., 5.]
After the cold war, a new perspective of contemporary governance, known as populism, became more popular. The rise of populism in the United States has influenced most policies, including anti-immigration policies and border controls. Starting from the early 1980s, the link between the rise in populism and political corruption has been extensively researched and widely discussed in the literature. The rise in populism has directly led to an increase in political corruption in the United States. The fight against corruption has been low. Corruption has mainly led to wrangles between political elites and populist leaders.[Ibid., 6] [Ibid., 3] [Ibid., 5]
The concept of populism involves multiple dimensions. Moreover, the concepts of populism have changed over time, and the applications of the term are diverse depending on the country. Also, the actions that constitute political corruption vary depending on the nation or authority. In some instances, government representatives have ill-defined authority, making it impossible to differentiate between legitimate and illegal acts. Certain campaign funding activities that are legitimate in one place could be unlawful in another. To this effect, specific ideologies, organizational structures, and populist movement strategies do not conform to a single pattern or form. Definitely, what differentiates populist regimes is that their appeals are not necessarily programmatic, logical, or consistent but somewhat all-encompassing.[Howard, Robert G., and Molly Brigid McGrath. "Corruption, Populism, and Sloth." In Democracy, Populism, and Truth, pp. 47-59. Springer, Cham, 2020, 59.] [Ibid., 47] [Ibid., 48] [Howard, Robert G., and Molly Brigid McGrath. "Corruption, Populism, and Sloth." In Democracy, Populism, and Truth, pp. 47-59. Springer, Cham, 2020, 51.] [Ibid., 48]
More so, the views on populism are diverse, and many definitions of the term have been developed based on political, economic, and social features. The term populism is often misused because ideas on populism can differ depending on various theoretical perspectives. Populism is characterized by dividing society into two classes, namely ordinary people and elite people.The discussions that follow need an explicit definition of populism and what connotations and meanings will be referred to in the next discussions. The definitions form an integral part of relating populism to political corruption. In the same regard and the need to further the discussions in the next chapters, the understanding of populism assumes an objective definition of populism as an appeal to the people against the current government structure and the popular adopted ideas concerning a society. Research has established that populist regimes depend mainly on inciting citizens against political elites and not the current regime. More so, the populist leaders drive an idea into the people that causes rebellion against the existing power structures. Hence, populism is a political philosophy or a framework in which political authority stems from the argument that the populist leader opposes the political elites.[Ibid., 49] [Ibid., 49.] [Galston, William A. "The populist challenge to liberal democracy." Journal of Democracy 29, no. 2 (2018): 11.] [Ibid., 5] [Ibid., 7] [Ibid., 13]
In this regard, populism differs from social movements in that and its challenges, not just the regime or power holders but also the elites' values. These values include how they use their power and authority or how transparent they are about their activities. Being in an elevated or higher position means the elites behave in a specific manner that determines how they control, exert, and possess power. Populists leaders do target economic and governing regimes and form the opinion that is aired on social media and other information channels targeting to reach as many people as possible. It is further noted that identifying populism in a structural manner leads to the formation of different contents, which usually are different depending on the structure of governance it is mobilizing the people against. For example, suppose it is related to the economic position and the policies. In that case, populists who have an ideology against high taxation, which targets finances obtained from charitable events and bodies, may take the position of being an economic liberator. Populists find it convenient to mobilize people while opposing the free market by ensuring that the government providing help and protection would put them in a better position.[Ibid., 15] [Katsambekis, Giorgos. "The populist surge in post‐democratic times: Theoretical and political challenges." The Political Quarterly 88, no. 2 (2017): 15.] [Ibid., 5.] [Ibid., 3.]
However, the situation does not entail the common belief that populists are normally confused and unprincipled leaders. Instead, the situation puts them in a position that their populist nature comes from their attitude and action towards power structure. In the same context, populists’ values are defined as contextual and differ depending on each context's main political agenda. Moreover, elite political leaders' political culture in the modern United States forms a basis on liberal ideologies such as multiculturalism, individualism, internationalism, the belief in change and toleration. Populism implies more or less resistance to these ideologies and may often amount to an alternate view of the real world.[Ibid., 5.] [Ibid, 5.]
Furthermore, populism cannot just be understood as an irrelevant reaction in opposing the structures of governance but also appeals to a way of government and authority that entails recognition. Populist, like the word suggests, means that the leaders are prominent and are an attractive option for governance responsibilities. Populists focus their credibility argument on the argument that they represent the people and therefore embody the citizens' desire or universal influence. Likewise, populist addresses to the public are generally presented in a way that is egalitarian in the sense of being meant for ordinary citizens. According to, Malkopoulou, “unlike traditional left-wing calls for economic egalitarianism, populists base their claims not on a class, but popular sovereignty.” Their arguments are focused on common concerns regarding administrative languages and the indirectness of political representatives. The activism of populists is focused on directness and simplicity. They mistrust mystifications and appreciate clarity in this case.[Ibid, 12.] [Ibid., 9] [Malkopoulou, Anthoula. "Compulsory voting and right-wing populism: mobilisation, representation and socioeconomic inequalities." Australian Journal of Political Science (2020): 13] [Ibid., 2]
General Description of Populist Ways of Achieving Political Success
During the United States' presidential elections, massive corruption is committed by political leaders to stand a chance in office for the next government. It is easier for a democratic system to be exploited by political leaders to pursue illegal activities for personal gain. However, a social and economic disparity exists between the donors and candidates. The situation represents an example of how the populist leaders and the wealthy impact democracies today through corruption. According to Engler, populist leaders often politicize corruption by bringing up the issue of corruption during the electoral campaigns and using it to convince their constituents that they belong to a competent party that will meet the citizens' demands.[Katsambekis, Giorgos. "The populist surge in post‐democratic times: Theoretical and political challenges." The Political Quarterly 88, no. 2 (2017): 14.]
Moreover, populists advance their political interests using corruption because corruption and poor governance generate distrust of democratic institutions such as health care, electoral processes, and other public institutions. Populists leaders normally want to be perceived as people standing against oppressive elites. Corruption grievances have played a significant role in pushing populists to power in the United States, Europe, Brazil, and the Philippines.[Ibid., 12]
Moreover, populist claim that they would be responsible for shielding the citizens from outsiders and that existing elites seek to destroy citizens’ purity. The increase in the popularity of right-wing populists has become one of the greatest national trends in this decade. Politicians like Donald Trump have shown the potential to appeal to social tensions within society to attain political success. Populists activities weaken the current decade’s democratic processes, leaving the door open for the newly established populist government to promote corrupt practices. More so, populist political parties over the past three decades seem to obtain ever more significant popularity-a development reflected by anti-establishment perceptions and, in many cases, a drift towards the totalitarian government. Moreover, research has shown that the right-wing populist politicians are involved in corruption allegations and, in some instances, their eventual downfall. Simultaneously, several measures indicate that trust in the establishment and its institutions decreases. Several potential theories explain a change in voters’ attitudes, such as globalization, where the United States, in particular, has been disrupted by foreign trade, a development that many equate with higher social disparity.[Taggart, Paul. "Populism in United States" In the Oxford Handbook of populism. 2017; 37.] [Ibid., 15.] [Katsambekis, Giorgos. "The populist surge in post‐democratic times: Theoretical and political challenges." The Political Quarterly 88, no. 2 (2017): 234.] [Taggart, Paul. "Populism in United States" In the Oxford Handbook of populism. 2017; 10.] [Ibid., 5]
Consequently, the most common feature of populism that has brought a lot of influence across the United States is the distrust of political elites. Donald Trump, the United States president, espouse such populist positions, which enabled him to achieve political success as he won the 2016 elections. Populism significantly impacted both the Republican and Democratic parties' political agendas and priorities, which are the main political parties in the United States. The Republican Party, whose candidate was Trump in 2016, campaigned on various identical policies such as border security with Mexico and anti-immigration policies. Consequently, people have been stimulated by populist radical right policies to desire a steep cut in immigrants coming to the United States. Immigration has reshaped the political discussion in the United States. The recent electoral cycle in the United States has seen many supporters for populist leaders and policies, particularly in the immigration sector. Although the immigration policies vary from country to country, the United States' current immigration policies have seen a sense of exclusive nationalism. The policies have made many people believe that their national identities are under attack or threatened by the different cultures that the immigrants originate from. From a research perspective, corruption has focused on a considerable amount of theoretical and empirical study over the past three decades. It is challenging to create explanatory measurements of corruption in populist voting and explain why researchers have dedicated little attention to the impact of corruption in populist regimes.[Ibid., 7] [Ibid., 8] [James, Toby S., and Alistair Clark. "Delivering electoral integrity under pressure: 27] [Schain, Martin A. "Shifting Tides: Radical-Right Populism and Immigration Policy in Europe and the United States." Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute (2018). 34.] [Ibid., 5] [Schain, Martin A. "Shifting Tides: Radical-Right Populism and Immigration Policy in Europe and the United States." Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute (2018), 5.] [Taggart, Paul. "Populism in United States" In the Oxford Handbook of populism. 2017, 56.] [James, Toby S., and Alistair Clark. "Delivering electoral integrity under pressure: local government, electoral administration, and the 2016 Brexit referendum." Local Government Studies (2020): 18.]
However, in the few studies about political corruption in the populist regimes, a vast range of alternative theories, typologies, and solutions have been created. However, corruption has been used somewhat carelessly as an extensively applied concept in politics and social sciences. Corruption is known to vary from the payment of bribes to civil servants in exchange for any favors and stealing of public purses to a diverse variety of questionable economic and political activities. The officials and bureaucrats are enriched to a personal end, and there is an inappropriate use of public power.[James, Toby S., and Alistair Clark. "Delivering electoral integrity under pressure: 27]
Moreover, political corruption takes various forms. The modes of political corruption also vary from those who are directly involved and those who facilitate the whole scandal and to what degree it is exercised. There are varied causes and effects of corruption. Corruption also affects different establishments, such as the economic system, institutional structures, and the political system. Also, bribery, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft, and embezzlement differ but include forms of political corruption. Political corruption may encourage illegal activities such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and trafficking in human beings, although it is not limited to such activities. In relation to populism, research shows that populist leaders are linked in several if not all forms of these political corruption.[Ibid., 7] [Curini, Luigi. Corruption, ideology, and populism: The rise of valence political campaigning. pp. 3-36. Springer, 2017: 19.] [Ibid., 7]
Similarly, many instances of political corruption exhibited in a populist regime are in the form of personal gain, institutional corruption, and campaign donations. A state of rampant political corruption in the form of institutional corruption is known as a kleptocracy. Even when the donations are legitimate, populist leaders appear to skew the mechanism in favor of special interests and weaken the democratic institution’s public confidence.[Ibid., 10] [Ibid., 12]
Moreover, even without individual populist regime representatives being corrupted, they indulge in activities that lead to corrupting democratic establishments. In any establishment that relies on monetary support from people who have agendas that may interfere with the institution’s primary objective, a similar problem of corruption emerges. As a consequence, political corruption destroys basic structures that enable society’s functionality. It affects political structures like government institutions and ministries, whose functions are affected by corruption. Finally, political corruption destroys economic structures such that it hinders the building of necessary infrastructure for businesses to operate and enable the movement of people. Different forms of political corruption are found almost anywhere, but it is persistently ingrained in the poorer countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. It is pervasive in Latin America, and it is deep-rooted in many of the recently developed nations.[Curini, Luigi. Corruption, ideology, and populism: The rise of valence political campaigning. pp. 3-36. Springer, 2017: 36] [Kubbe, Ina, and Miranda Loli. "Corruption and populism: the linkage." A Research Agenda for Studies of Corruption. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020: 118-130] [Ibid., 124]
Furthermore, political corruption threatens good governance, profoundly manipulates public policy, contributes to the misallocation of wealth, damages the private sector and the private sector’s growth, and significantly affects the poor. Political corruption exhibited in a populist regime undermines and erodes political trust and leads to other types of power being exploited and misused because the government system has no transparency. At the highest level of the state, political corruption exists and contributes only to the misappropriation of money, but it also influences the way decisions are made. Political corruption entails the misuse of government agencies and the rules of procedure. It thus affects the political system and the government and thus contributes to institutional decay. Political corruption is more than a variation in ethical conduct and court rulings from established and documented legal principles.[Ibid., 129] [Ibid., 123] [Ibid., 130]
On the same note, prevailing government corruption requires dramatic political reforms. Extensive bureaucracy is also commonly supported by political corruption and should be seen as one of the critical modes of totalitarian governments’ activity. That is one of the instances in which oppressive power occupiers enrich themselves. Bribery is seldom a phenomenon here that leaders in control are proactive in preventing. It is intentional, desired, and enforced practice; it is one way of the rulers’ and economic power’s enrichment. However, as many allegations of corruption have shown in western democracies over the years, political corruption is not confined to authoritarian regimes.[Rohac, Dalibor, Sahana Kumar, and Andreas Johansson Heino. "The wisdom of demagogues: institutions, corruption and support for authoritarian populists." Economic Affairs, 37, no. 3 (2017): 382-396]
Nevertheless, it can be shown that political corruption differs significantly between totalitarian and liberal democratic regimes. Political corruption in democratic countries can be dealt with within the political system; by reforming, improving, and vitalizing this decade’s political institutions. Furthermore, there exist many forms of political corruption such as bribery, favoritism and embezzlement. This paper focuses on favoritism to show how populist leaders benefit themselves and close friends by using state resources. People who are close to populist leaders get government contracts easily and certain proportion of the transaction, or any other gain of the kind of money is distributed among individuals responsible for contracting or otherwise supplying businesses or individuals, and entrepreneurs. Such practices lead to some companies and businesses owned by well-connected individuals meaning that they are close relatives or friends to the populist leader to use their political favors and avoid full responsibility for taxes and environmental legislation; some may market mechanisms and monopolies, import and export permits, etc.[Ibid., 395] [Ibid., 394]
Furthermore, favoritism involves other ways of power manipulation process that means privatization and the too biased allocation of public resources, regardless of how these resources were obtained in the first instance. Moreover, favoritism occurs in awarding of offices or privileges even without considering qualifications to relatives and friends. To this point, favoritism is linked to corruption in populist regimes. It involves the misuse of authority in the context of a corrupt, undemocratic, privatized distribution of resources, while commonly understood corruption implies the concentration of resources. However, favoritism in the allocation of wealth is closely linked to corruption. Favoritism is simply the common human tendency to favor friends, relatives, and anybody close and trusted. The important promotions hit numerous locations like ministries, police, security bodies, etc. The most practiced kind of favoritism is nepotism. An elected official leader with appointment authority tends to assign essential positions to friends and neighbors and family members, including wives, husbands, sisters, daughters, nephews, relatives, in-laws, etc. Many populist leaders often attempt to protect their place in power by appointing relatives to be significant political, economic, and military or security positions in the government apparatus. An example is Trump’s presidency where his close family members such as his daughter, Ivanka Trump, working in the White House.[Kubbe, Ina, and Miranda Loli. "Corruption and populism: the linkage." A Research Agenda for Studies of Corruption. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020, 118-130.] [Ibid., 124] [Aassve, Arnstein, Gianmarco Daniele, and Marco Le Moglie. "Never forget the first time: The persistent effects of corruption and the rise of populism in Italy." BAFFI CAREFUL Centre Research Paper 2018-96 (2018). Drapalova, E. (2019). Corruption and the crisis of democracy; 12.] [Ibid, 12.] [Kellner, Douglas. American nightmare: Donald Trump, media spectacle, and authoritarian populism. Vol. 117. Springer, 2016. 14.]
Also, favoritism promotes fund emblement. The close friends and relatives who are government servants misuse public resources by misappropriation of the funds available. State representatives under a populist regime steal from branches of government and from the funds they are intended to control. In standard terms, corruption is an arrangement between two people, one state official and one civilian operator. In an aim to receive a financial benefit, the state officer works outside of the legal procedures.[Ibid., 7]
Alternatively, the well-connected individuals may be involved in the unofficial black and grey economies. The populist regime deceive and manipulate systems to gain profits. Since deception and manipulation attract attention from court cases to demonstrations, populist leaders normally practice intimidation, abuse, and extortion. Populist leaders tend to encourage practices that lead to the violation of domestic laws and electoral integrity. Populist leaders tend to reinforce their influence via corruption and fraud, and they also use the same power to limit the playing field for opposing parties.[Engler, Sarah. "Fighting corruption" or "fighting the corrupt elite"? Politicizing corruption within and beyond the populist divide." Democratization 27, no. 4 (2020): 643.]
Moreover, populist leaders often violate the laws during ...
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