An Analysis of Covid-19

CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF AN EPIDEMIOLOGY RESEARCH WORK
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Critical Appraisal of an Epidemiology Research Work
At present, the world is faltering, struggling with the period of ecological epidemiology. Many devastating infectious pathogens are emerging and reappearing. The number of evolving viral zoonotic disease epidemics is increasing. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), A/H1N1 influenza pandemic, H5N1, and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are examples of this infection type. These infections and some other infections caused severe public health effects (Helmy et al., 2020).
(SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, is among the most significant destructive evolving infectious diseases today. COVID-19 was listed as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020 (Rodriguez-Morales et al., 2020). At that time, the World Health Organization classified it as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 was also categorized as a "risk group 3" pathogen because its health and global economy pose a very large danger to the community (Kummitha, 2020). The Covid-19 pandemic has brought a huge destructive burden on health, life, and economy and restricted the social activities of all people in the world. It leads to worldwide health and economic crisis; countries closed borders and issue travel bans, closed businesses and schools, and implemented strict quarantine (Bong et al., 2020).
There are several factors involved in the incidence of the Covid-19 pandemic. First is the global spread of the novel SARS-CoV-2, with no immunity and no involvement of human exposure. Second, SARS-CoV-2, as an RNA virus, displays an elevated mutation rate, allowing fast variation, but at the cost of producing non-viable progenies (Schröder, 2020). Moreover, the transmission rate of the virus or its basic copy number (R0) is relatively high. In addition, to date, there is no active treatment against Covid-19.
A study showed that the rapid spread of the first outbreak from the Wuhan to the entire mainland of China might be associated with the spread of transportation. Since Wuhan is among the regions known as a hub for transportation, millions of people were allowed to move out of the city, spreading the virus during the peak travel period of the Spring Festival (Wang et al., 2020). In the second epidemic spread in parts of Asia from China and subsequently, to other continents, international transportation through aeroplanes and cruise ships played a significant role. However, human-to-human transmission is the main transmission mode because respiratory droplets carrying COVID 19 could be thrown out by an infected person while sneezing or coughing (CDC, 2020).
These droplets may go into the lungs through inhalation and infect nearby people. In addition to human-to-human transmission, environmental pollution is also another way of virus transmission. For example, it is well known that if a non-infected individual comes in contact with the objects which are contaminated by the droplets in question followed by touching their mouth, eyes, and nose, COVID-19 may spread indirectly. SARS-CoV-2 may persist stably in...