Tularemia and Hantavirus. Disease Pathology. Research Paper

Tularemia and Hantavirus
Name
Institution
Tularemia and Hantavirus
Disease Pathology
Francisella tularensis is the leading agent causing tularemia. It is a fastidious organism. F tularensis requires cysteine to grow. CHAB- cysteine heart agar with blood, Martin Lewis, Thayer-Martin, BCYE-buffered charcoal yeast extract agar, and cysteine supports F. tularensis growth. Cysteine may be contained in the commercial sheep blood agar. SBA- sheep blood agar has a poor growth rate at 24hours (Burke, 1977). In 48-72 hours, the colonies go from 1-2 mm and then grey to white and nonhemolytic. In Cystine enriched chocolate agar, Thayer-Martin agar colonies and Martin Lewis agar it has 1-3 mm, then grey to white in 48 -72 hours. CHAB colonies form 2-4 mm, then smooth to entire to greenish white and then butyrous with a sheen that is opalescent in 48-72 hours (Burke, 1977). MacConkey agar has no growth. The agent is inert, meaning it is unable to stimulate mononuclear cells to release nitric oxide or cytokines and does not act as an endotoxin antagonist for the mononuclear cells. Thus, the agent does not interact host LPS recognition proteins. Hantavirus is caused by pathogenic old world found across Europe, Asia. They cause a fever that comes with renal syndrome. Shrews and rodents carry Bunyaviridae agents that cause Hantavirus.
Diagnosing tularemia is not easy as it is a difficult culture, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the PCR methods are utilized to identify the bacteria. CHAB such as sheep blood agars or Thayer-Martin agars is used for isolation of bacteria from the clinical specimen indicating the existence of the pathogens. Serological tests are also popular, especially among non-vaccinated practitioners. F. tularensis enters the body macrophages through cytochalasin B-insensitive pathway, and it does not trigger the respiratory burst. Tularemia symptoms vary based on how the infectious agent entered the body, however for the most common that is the Ulceroglandular signs include, skin cancer which followed by swelling in the lymph glands. A patient may get antibiotics such as gentamicin or therapy for complications such as pneumonia. PS infections flow as follows; fever, which advances to myalgia, headache, nausea, and vomiting, coughing and shortness of breath. Patients are to be put into intensive cardiopulmonary support.
There were several attempts to immunize individuals with F. tularensis LVS. There was an airborne immunization done for guinea pigs and non-humans primates. For Hantavirus any community that goes into contact with rodents saliva, urine or droppings is at risk of infection. Similar to Hantavirus, in Tularemia infect those whose work involves animals like veterinarians, those living in heavily forested area...