Health and medicine topics

Title: Health and medicine topics
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Introduction
The foundations Health Sciences and Medicine are as old as human race. There has been need to come up with solutions to health problems such as illnesses, injury and health related problems such as child birth. Due to modern technology and the backing of pure sciences, the scientific accuracy of these fields has always been improved.
Health and medicine can be defined as the study and health related issues in order to understand the functioning of human and animals and application of that knowledge to improve the health and prevent cum cure illnesses. This is based on sciences such as biology, chemistry and physics. Some of the broad branches that constitute the study of health and medicine include biochemistry, epidemiology, genetics and pharmacology. This article examines some of the branches of health and medicine such as dermatology, cell biology and pharmacology.
Discussion
Dermatology
This is a branch of medicine that deals with skin and its diseases, with specialty in both medical and surgical aspects. It involves taking care of diseases in details and problems of cosmetics of the skin, scalp, hair and nails.
The training for the profession of dermatologist requires a degree in medical field. The duration of training may vary with country but in United States it is a total of four years. The training involve preliminary medical or surgical intern year followed by a three-year dermatology fellowship. After this residency, a one or two year fellowship is available in immunodermatology, phototherapy, laser medicine, Mohs micrographic surgery, cosmetic surgery and dermatopathology. The residency for dermatology positions have been the most competitive in United States.
Sub branches
The first sub branch of dermatology is cosmetic dermatology. Dermatologists have been specialists in cosmetic surgery. Some dermatologists train in the field of surgical dermatology. Trainees are trained on their locations on the use of botox, fillers and laser surgery. The cosmetic procedures performed by some dermatologists include liposuction, blepharoplasty and facelifts. However, many dermatologists concentrate on invasive procedures. There are no specific guidelines from the American Board of Dermatology, hence many cosmetic fellowships are provided in both surgery and laser medicine.
The second type of dermatology is dermatopathology. In this type of dermatology, the doctor specializes in skin pathology. Hence pathologists and dermatologists can share this field. A dermatologist is required to complete a one year dermatopathology fellowship. This is composed of six months of studying general pathology and six months of studying dermatopathology. A person from both specialties can work as a dermatopathologist. Some dermatopathologists are eligible to sit for their examinations after a fellowship in dermatology and pathology.
The other branch of dermatology is immuonodermatology. Here, skin mediated diseases such as lupus’ bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris are treated. Other diseases that are mediated by the skin are also treated. The people who specialize in this branch always run their private immunopahology labs.
The other type of dermatology is the Mohs surgery. In this type of dermatology, focus is based on excision of skin cancers by applying a skin-sparing process that allows intraoperative examination of the peripheral completely and tumor margins. It was developed in 1930s by Frederic E. Mohs. Doctors trained in this field must be acquainted with both pathology and surgery. Dermatologists acquire training during both fellowships. Physicians who work in Mohs surgery can be trained in this specialized technique during their dermatology residency.
Therapies
Therapies administered by dermatologist include cosmetic filler injections, hair removal using laser or other mechanisms, hair transplantation and intralesional treatment using steroid or chemotherapy. In laser therapy, birth marks are managed, skin disorders treated, tattoos removed, cosmetics resurfaced and rejuvenated. It also involves photodynamic therapy, where skin cancer and precancerous growths are treated. Other practices include phototherapy using narrowband UVB, broadband UVB and psolaren. Tattoo removal is also a practice in dermatology. It also involves liposuction where the fats level is regulated by removal of excess fats via a cannula and aspirator. This is performed in the body parts such as the abdomen, hips, outer thighs, flanks and back.
This branch of medicine also involves cryosurgery. In this case, extreme cold is applied to destroy worn out or abnormal tissue. This has been extensively used in the treatment of diseases and disorders like benign and malignant skin conditions.
Cell Biology
This is a branch of science that studies cells in terms of their physiological characteristics, structure and organelles contained in them, communication with their environment, life cycle and death. This is achieved by microscopic and molecular point. It involves the study of single-celled organisms such as bacteria and protozoa as well as multicellular organisms’ such as humans and animals.
Processes that take place in cells
One of the processes that take place in cells is the movement of proteins. This is an important part of cell biology and involves the study of processes involved in movement of synthesized proteins from one part of the cell to another or out of the cell.
Proteins are synthesized by ribosome in the cytoplasm in a process called biosynthesis. This is an enzyme- catalyzed process in cells of living things by which substrates are converted into more complex products. During this process, some proteins such as membrane proteins are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum during synthesis. This may be followed by transportation to the Golgi bodies. From Golgi apparatus, the protein can be moved to the cell membrane, other sub-cellular compartments or removed from the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are sites for protein synthesis and protein processing respectively. There is partial flux of proteins through these sites. ER and Golgi resident proteins interact with other proteins but remain in their respective locations in the organelles. Other proteins flow through ER and Golgi to the plasma membrane (Ardley, 1982).
Some proteins contain structural characteristics that target them for transport to the mitochondria and the nucleus. Certain types of mitochondria proteins are synthesized inside the mitochondria and are coded for by mitochondrial DNA. This function is achieved by chloroplasts in p...