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APA
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Biological & Biomedical Sciences
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Research Paper
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English (U.S.)
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Topic:

The Secondary Immune Response

Research Paper Instructions:

Papers must be typed and double-spaced.
Please read literatures to write a mini-review paper (at least one page for each question) to address below questions. When you cite literature in your paper, please put the cited reference into your paper.
1. The development of primary and secondary immune responses to an antigen differs significantly. The primary response may take a week or more to develop fully and establish memory. The secondary response is rapid and relies on the activation of clones of memory cells. Would it not be better if clones of reactive cells were maintained regardless of prior exposure? In this way, the body could always respond rapidly to any antigen exposure. Would there be any disadvantages to this approach? Why?
2. Jack and Jill were badly burned in an accident at the well and both were taken to the burn unit of the local hospital. The burns covered only a small area of skin so grafts were prepared for both patients from the skin of Jack’s thigh. Jack’s graft was successful and his burn healed completely. Jill, however, rejected the grafted skin. Explain the immune responses of both patients to these grafts. What treatments could have helped Jill to avoid rejection of her graft?

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Question 1
The secondary immune response relies on the activation of clones of memory cells to fight infection. However, after the infection or antigens have been disposed of, the clones do not linger. Marrack et al. (2010) argue that the secondary immune response relies on immunological memory to make antibodies and react immediately to fight antigens. It is the antigen-specific T cells and, to a lesser degree, B cells that tremendously increase to fight antigens. However, the reactive cells or clones are not maintained but rather destroyed by the immune system. Marrack et al. (2010) argue that destroying the clones is vital to make space, cytokines, and nutrients for other cells. Another reason the clones of reactive cells are not maintained is because of immunological memory. The immunological memory is very effective in ensuring that the immune system can quickly recognize an antigen that it has previously encountered. It then initiates the corresponding immune response to fight the antigen.
A disadvantage that causes reactive cells not to be maintained in the immune system is that they respond in huge amounts, and the reactivity can cause inflammation. Huge levels of inflammation can occur if all the cells remained reactive (Marrack et al., 2010). In this way, it is important that the antigen-specific cells created should disappear after the antigen is eliminated. Additionally, maintaining an extensive number of clones that can respond to any antigen calls for serious demand on the body’s resources. Given a large number of cells can be generated, maintaining them would strain the body for more resources. A balance is maintained to ensure the clones have a timely response but also disappear afterward to save resources (Marrack et al., 2010). Also, the clones must find alternative fuel or resources ...
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