Statements, Verificationism, and Compositionality

Questions
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Questions
Explain the difference between believing a proposition P and P being true.
Believing is accepting that something is true even if there is no proof. Essentially, one does not need proof if one believes a proposition P. However, the same person may have some proof or evidence for proposition P to be considered accurate.
Explain how a statement could be objectively false.
A statement can be objectively false if previous evidence or proof leads to the statement being considered factual. This means new proof or evidence arises to show that the previous view is false.
Explain the difference between a statement, a proposition, and a belief
A statement refers to a written or spoken expression of something. On the other hand, a proposition is a statement expressing a judgment or position about something. A belief is a view that something or a phenomenon is true when there is no proof or evidence.
Give an original example of an argument that is logically strong but has a false conclusion.
The windward side of a mountain receives more rain because the moisture-holding air moves up the mountain, cools, and falls back as rain. When the wind crosses the mountain, its moisture-holding capacity is reduced. Thus, the leeward side does not have as much rain. Thus, the leeward side is ideal for agricultural activities.
What is a counterfactual statement?
A counterfactual statement provides a causal relationship in that an action results from a previous action. In essence, if the first action did not occur, the consequent action would not have occurred. For example, she stumbled because she hit her foot on the table. This means that she would not have stumbled if she had not hit her foot on the table.
Can counterfactual statements be false? Explain why or why not.
A counterfactual statement can be false where the antecedent is not true. Therefore, the consequent only explains what would have happened if the antecedent had occurred. For example, she may have stumbled in the presence of a table. However, it does not necessarily mean the antecedent of hitting her foot caused the stumbling.
Is the belief that Boston is in Massachusetts objectively true according to the coherence theory? Explain why or why not.
The coherence theory holds that as a property of a whole system, the truth is the coherence of all the parts within the system and experience. In this case, the belief that Boston is a city in Massachusetts is objectively true from experience.
Explain the circular definition objection to coherence theory.
The circular objection to transcendence theory holds that it cannot account for the possibility that some propositions are not true since they don’t cohere with some beliefs. In other words, the objection is that truth transcends whatever set held beliefs.
According to the pragmatic theory of truth, is the pragmatic theory of truth itself true? Explain why or why not.
According to the pragmatic theory of truth, a proposition is only true if it is useful to believe in the proposition. In essence, some value should be deduced from a belief, and thus, ...