Behavioural and Psychological Concepts and Their Characteristics

Concepts and their Characteristics
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Concepts and their Characteristics
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
According to the two-factor theory of emotion, also known as the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions consist of cognitive interpretation and physiological arousal (Pastorino & Doyle-Portillo, 2019). According to the theory, the occurrence of an event initiates a physiological reaction, which is subsequently cognitively interpreted as an emotional experience.
Characteristics
1 For the experience of emotion, physiological arousal is required.
2 The cognitive interpretation of physiological arousal determines emotional experience.
3 How the same physiological arousal is perceived can vary depending on circumstances.
4 Emotions are susceptible to the impact of external signals.
5 Emotions are susceptible to cognitive labeling.
6 An individual’s emotions are susceptible to the influence of others.
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder, alternatively referred to as manic-depressive illness, is a severe mental health condition distinguished by pronounced fluctuations in mood, encompassing depressive episodes and manic or hypomanic episodes (Pastorino & Doyle-Portillo, 2019). Disruptions in daily functioning may be a challenge for those diagnosed with bipolar disorder, given that excessive mood fluctuations can significantly impact their capacity to maintain stable relationships, work, and overall well-being.
Characteristics
1 The manifestation of episodes of mania or hypomania.
2 Depressive episodes are present.
3 Substance addiction and other medical conditions do not contribute to the disorders.
4 Significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other domains of functioning results from the disorders.
5 There is no alternative explanation for the disorders than any other mental health disorder.
6 Substance addiction or a medical condition are not the causes of the disorder.
Fight and Flight Response
The fight-or-flight response is an innate physiological reaction triggered by the perception of impending peril or threat (Oster et al., 2015). The response primes the body to confront the threat head-on or to flee.
Characteristics