Redlining

Structural Racism, Historical Redlining
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Abstract
Structural racism, a vice that has plagued the US for decades and intrinsically engrained in the past and current operations of the country's housing system, is responsible for redlining in the housing market. The research paper explores the effects of structural racism and historical redlining on the lives of people of color in the United States.
Structural Racism, Historical Redlining
Historical redlining is deeply embedded in institutionalized structural racism that has plagued the US since its founding. In the 1930s, The Home Owners` Loan Corporation (HOLC), a US federal agency, was created to grade various neighborhoods` mortgage investment risk across the country from 1934 to 1940 (Hillier, 2005). The Corporation's residential security maps normalized racial appraisal methods and established institutionalized residential redlining. It was a term that represented systematic discriminatory lending habits that denied neighborhoods of color mortgages but insured reinvestment and mortgages in communities that were predominantly white (Rothstein, 2017).
Structural racism denotes numerous ways racial discrimination is entrenched in society via interwoven political, legal, and social systems and institutions, which buttress beliefs, resource distribution, norms, and values that privilege white racialized identity and whiteness (Bailey et al., 2017). In the United States, the racial hierarchy status quo is enforced through numerous machinery, comprising incarceration, political exclusion, and state-sanctioned violence (Bailey et al., 2017). It infiltrates housing, criminal justice, employment, education, and healthcare systems, affecting access to opportunities and resource distribution.
Structural racism bolsters unequal environmental, economic, and social conditions, eventually instigating low living standards, poor health and education, unemployment, and neglected neighborhoods. Black communities usually face lopsided liability of environmental hazards and minimal access to quality health care, food, education, employment, transportation, and recreation services (Bailey et al., 2017). Still, concentrated economic hardship, housing inequality, and racial residential segregation in conjunction with other poverty-related social ills result from disinvestment and racism in black communities (Williams et al., 2019).
Racially discriminatory loaning practices and policies have systematically fashioned deliberately planned disinvestment in some communities, strategically sustained racial residential segregation, and access to wealth. The neighborhoods in the present US portray several racist housing practices and policies that have essentially shaped housing tenure, healthcare, and the built environment. The racial discrimination manifested in HOLC residential security maps is strength...