Program Evaluation: Avoiding and Delaying the Consumption of Drugs

Module 2
Your task for the Module 2 SLP is to write a 4- page essay (utilizing at least 4–5 references) in which you describe the considerations that would guide your evaluation plan. Complete each of the following tasks:
Identify stakeholders in the program and briefly identify their roles.
Describe any foreseeable social, political, and cultural considerations relevant to evaluating your program. You should be familiar with published evaluations of similar programs.
Discuss any foreseeable barriers to acquiring funding/resources to evaluate the program. Describe any other potential obstacles to conducting the evaluation.
Present a timeline for evaluation activities. It may be helpful to put the timeline in a chart that clearly identifies tasks and activities with appropriate amounts of time allotted per activity. If you have conducted a thorough literature review you should have no problem stating tasks to be accomplished.
Abbatangelo-Gray, J., Cole, G. E., & Kennedy, M. G. (2007). Guidance for Evaluating Mass Communication Health Initiatives: Summary of an Expert Panel Discussion Sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Evaluation & Health Professions, 30(3), 229-253.
Akerman, M., Arroyo, H., Jones, C. M., O’Neill, M., Roka, A., & Wallerstein, N. (2007). Evaluation of health promotion effectiveness: A political debate and/or a technical exercise? Promotion & Education, Suppl. 1, 13-15.
Berlowitz, D. J., & Graco, M. (2010). The development of a streamlined, coordinated and sustainable evaluation methodology for a diverse chronic disease management program. Australian Health Review, 34(2), 148-152.
Jackson, N., & Waters, E. (2005). Criteria for the systematic review of health promotion and public health interventions. Health Promotion International, 20(4), 367-374. Retrieved from http://heapro(dot)oxfordjournals(dot)org/content/20/4/367.full.pdf+html.
Module 1 work below:
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Evaluation Program
Overview of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Program
The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) program was developed to prevent and control HPV infections by introducing interventions such as awareness campaigns, vaccinations, and mass education. More so, the need for routine screening was also emphasized to enable early detection of the virus and enable prompt treatment of any HPV-related diseases. HPV is known to cause several diseases and conditions in human beings, including cervical cancer and genital warts that can be fatal if not treated early.
The HPV Vaccination Program provides vaccines that primarily target young girls and women between 9 and 26 years who are at the highest risk of contracting the virus (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021). More recently, young boys and men have also been introduced to the HPV program, as more studies show that they are also at risk of certain HPV-related cancers. The program relies on school-based and healthcare provider interventions in the targeted vaccination to increase its efficacy.
Studies have shown that HPV programs successfully reduce the prevalence of infections and diseases related to HPV. Brotherton et al. (2011) found that in Australia, similar HPV programs have successfully reduced HPV-related diseases since the onset of the country’s vaccination program. Further, an analysis conducted by Drolet et al. (2015) on several national HPV programs showed significant success achieved in reducing the occurrence of new infections in countries with over 50% of females vaccinated. Apart from that, McPhail et al. (2013) further found that adolescents in developing countries preferred a process of integration of the procedures, with a keen interest in getting detailed information about the HPV vaccine. Consequently, it was noted that new strategies are required based on the priorities at the local level when undertaking such national programs, thus considering the contexts and availability of resources. In line with this, Marty et al. (2013) further assessed the benefits of vaccinating boys and girls in Europe compared to the girls-only vaccination program. The results indicated a significant difference in the additional clinical benefits based on the reduced incidence of HPV-related genital warts and carcinomas.
The above studies show the importance of evaluation and the immense benefits that can be incurred by implementing them. Not only can the efficacy of the HPV programs be assessed and understood, but further interventions can also be introduced to improve their effectiveness. Additionally, it provides stakeholders with appropriate information to base their decisions based on the evidence presented by the program evaluations.
Type of Evaluation and Justification
In this case, an evaluation of the HPV program would be undertaken to determine its efficiency and effectiveness based on the initial goals set. Consequently, an impact evaluation would be the most appropriate option to determine whether there have been any changes in the health outcomes of the affected population based on the introduction of the intervention program. Therefore, the program evaluation would be able to assist stakeholders in knowing the extent to which the program has succeeded in meeting its objectives while also providing evidence for future decisions on the program, including aspects of resource allocation, improvements, and future policy directions.
In the case of the HPV Program, an evaluation would be undertaken to assess the effectiveness of the elements used, including vaccination campaigns and mass education. Determining the program's contribution to reducing the disease burden can assist stakeholders in making appropriate choices that can assist in reaching the overall intended goal (Broutet et al., 2017). Such evaluation can enable the introduction of additional interventions that could supplement the program and increase its efficacy.
The impact evaluation would be undertaken through qualitative and quantitative methods that would enable data collection through various means. Qualitative data would be collected through structured questionnaires that would provide data points for analysis. More so, secondary analysis of document souls also provides quantitative data that would provide trends for infection rates of HPV and related diseases in the population. Apart from that, pre-post surveys would be able to assess the changes in knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to HPV and cervical cancer prevention among target beneficiaries of the HPV Program. Qualitative interviews would further provide an avenue to understand the perceptions among the community members on the acceptability of the program and identify potential barriers and facilitators to participation.
Conclusion
In summary, an impact evaluation of the HPV program provides a basis for determining its effectiveness and efficiency to the targeted population. In this case, the program is intended to reduce the incidence and prevalence of HPV and its related disease in the female population. Therefore, with human subjects on the line, the efficacy of the program must be maintained at a high level to ensure that it has significant benefits for the general population. An impact evaluation thus would provide the requisite insights on possible issues, areas of improvement, and evidence for future policy directions and decision-making regarding the program.

References
Brotherton, J. M., Fridman, M., May, C. L., Chappell, G., Saville, A. M., & Gertig, D. M. (2011). Early effect of the HPV vaccination programme on cervical abnormalities in Victoria, Australia: An ecological study. The Lancet, 377(9783), 2085-2092. https://doi(dot)org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60551-5
Broutet, N., Lehnertz, N., Mehl, G., Camacho, A. V., Bloem, P., Chandra-Mouli, V., ... & Søgaard, I. J. (2017). Effective health interventions for adolescents that could be integrated with human papillomavirus vaccination programs. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(2), 207-213.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, July 23). HPV vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved May 1, 2023, from https://www(dot)cdc(dot)gov/hpv/parents/vaccine-for-hpv.html
Drolet, M., Bénard, É., Boily, M. C., Ali, H., Baandrup, L., Bauer, H., ... & Herrero, R. (2015). Population-level impact and herd effects following human papillomavirus vaccination programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 15(5), 565-580.
MacPhail, C., Venables, E., Rees, H., & Delany-Moretlwe, S. (2013). Using HPV vaccination for promotion of an adolescent package of care: Opportunity and perspectives. BMC public health, 13(493). https://doi(dot)org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-493
Marty, R., Roze, S., Bresse, X., Largeron, N., & Smith-Palmer, J. (2013). Estimating the clinical benefits of vaccinating boys and girls against HPV-related diseases in Europe. BMC cancer, 13(10). https://doi(dot)org/10.1186/1471-2407-13-10