Human Pathophysiology: Hypertension and Congestive Heart Failure

Human Pathophysiology Paper
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Although the patient was diagnosed with hypertension over a decade ago, he had stopped taking antihypertensive medications for over a year when he visited the physician. The patient feels exhausted after work and has dyspnea climbing stairs because the high blood pressure is causing coarctation of the aorta, implying that his left lower heart chamber is overworking to push blood through the narrowed aorta. As a result, blood pressure increases within the left ventricle. High blood pressure also contributes to blurred vision, dizziness, and nose bleeding. The crackles in his chest are due to blood backup, which increases pressure and causes fluid to accumulate in the airways leading to popping sounds. The patient's blood pressure of 180/110 is more than high, thus putting the patient in a hypertensive crisis (U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 2023).
The patient’s heart walls or muscles are swelling because of high blood pressure. The exercises that the patient engages in also catalyze the condition. This makes it difficult for the heart to pump blood effectively (Hegde et al., 2023). The eyes are undergoing vascular alterations in the retinal micro-circulation leading to hypertensive retinopathy. This results in a constant decline in vision, and the patient is likely to become blind if the condition remains untreated (Dziedziak et al., 2022).
Congestive hear...