Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian and the Pathophysiology of PCOS

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T15 DQ1
1 The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis is a system in female reproduction which caters to the cyclic production of the steroid hormones and gonadotropic. The cycle serves a default function of selecting the dominant follicle for ovulation and ensuring the endometrium is ready for implantation. If pathologies occur within the juncture of the HPO axis, it can negatively impact the regulatory process leading to ovulation disorders categorized into three. The first group of disorders is a hypothalamic failure which leads to the production of little or no sex hormones. The second group of ovulation disorders is the display of a eugonadal state. The final group causes depletion of ovarian function (Mikhael et al., 2019).
The complex pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) entails abnormalities in the ovaries, endocrine, alterations in the neuroendocrine, and epigenetic and genetic changes. It also involves metabolic modifiers like adiposity, insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia. PCOS is caused by abnormally high levels of androgens, thus leading imbalance in the reproductive hormones (Ibáñez et al., 2017). The hormonal imbalance caused by PCOS usually interferes with eggs' release and growth, leading to no ovulation, which causes infer...