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Education
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Coursework
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English (U.S.)
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Topic:

Bilingual Education in the U.S. and a Reflection on Pantoja's Journey

Coursework Instructions:

Step 1: Read and study.

Attached Files:

Start with Baker and Wright's Chapter 9 to get an overview of the history. Next, read this same history form the perspective of educational researcher, KenjiHakuta. In terms of recommended reading, take a look at Menken's (2010) compelling article on the challenges and consequences related to the No Child Left Behind Act which was recently replaced with The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) at the end of 2015.

  1. Baker & Wright, Chapter 9, pp. 181-187. Historical Introduction to Bilingual Education in the United States.
  2.  Hakuta, K. (2011). Educating language minority students and affirming their equal rights . Educational Researcher, 40(4), 163.
  3. Menken, K. (2010). NCLB and English Language Learners : Challenges and Consequences. Theory Into Practice, 49: 2, 121–128

Step 2: Watch "A historic background of bilingual education."

Watch Video

Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tIppleeIjk

Step 3: Preview new policy ESSA.

The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) was recently signed into law at the end of 2015. The new law updates the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and provides a stronger focus on closing the achievement gap between English learners and other students. The law maintains accountability for subgroups of students just as the No Child Left Behind Act, including English learners. Most importantly, it builds on that requirement by elevating English proficiency outcomes to be a key element of statewide accountability systems.

For more information about ESSA, join this webinar by the Migration Policy Institute.

Step 4: ¡Antonia Pantoja, Presente!

Watch the following video about Antonia Pantoja, a Puertorican educator who advocated for Bilingual Education in NYC. 

Link: https://youtu.be/mhNzSKWMz5w

Step 5: Reflection on ¡Antonia Pantoja, Presente!

Reflect on the film ¡Antonia Pantoja, Presente! and address the following:

  • What aspects of the film were most impactful to you?
  • What did the film inform you about bilingual education?
  • Why is it important for bilingual educators to know about ASPIRA?  

Step 6: History of BILED Wiki

Choose two events from U.S. language policy history.  One from the list below and another of your choice. For each of them, write your answers to the following prompts:

A) Describe in detail what was the event about (one or two paragraphs);

B) Explain why this event is important (or has been important) in the history of language education policy in the U.S. (one paragraph);

C) Explain if you believe this event reflects as an assimilationist or pluralistic perspective around bi/multilingualism (one paragraph); and

D) Explain why you as a bilingual teacher need to know about this event.

For the first event, you will choose one (1) of the following:

  • Lau vs. Nichols
  • Immigration and Naturalization Act 1965
  • Anti-Bilingual Education movement (1990s/2004) [also called the English Only Voter Initiatives: This include the three voter’s initiatives: Proposition 227 in California, Massachusetts’ Question 2, Proposition 203 in Arizona – you don’t have to explain all of them individually.)
  • The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1964 (ESEA)
  • Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (The Bilingual Education Act) and what happened to it with the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.
  • Florida’s state Board of Education banned “critical race theory” from public school classrooms (2021)

For the second event, you will choose any other event/lawsuit/legislation that you would like to write about.

Coursework Sample Content Preview:

Bilingual Education in the U.S.
Student's name
Institution
Course number and name
Instructor's name
Due date
Bilingual Education in the U.S.
Part 1: Reflection on Antonia Pantoja
The journey of Dr. Antonia Pantoja impacted me the most as I found it inspiring. The background and path that Dr. Pantoja took to emancipate the Puerto Ricans and the Latino community from the segregation by the Americans is one that I can only describe as that of a true hero. I found the fact that Pantoja dared to move from her original homeland in Puerto Rico and conquer the heart and souls of many in a foreign country, as powerful as the United States is truly remarkable. I can only liken her actions to a Messiah of the Puerto Ricans and the Latino.
About bilingual education, I learned that that segregation based on language inefficiency is the major cause for the disparity in the development of people of different races (heroesofcolor, 2017). Because of her informed nature, courage, and resilience, Dr. Pantoja was able to overturn the status quo that had labeled the Latinos retards and even push for the development and implementation of bilingual education.
Bilingual educators should know ASPIRA because it brought at end to the injustice Latino students were facing in education. It is no surprise that the court was reasonable enough to rule in favor of ASPIRA, bearing in mind that the segregation was an utter display of systemic racism in the United States. ASPIRA is the hallmark for bilingual education, and any person keen on being part of the bilingual education community should be well aware of its roots.
Part 2: History of BILED Wiki
1. Immigration and Naturalization Act 1965
The Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 was signed into law by President Lyndon B.Johnson. The bill's proponents had done extensive research on the outcome of the discriminatory federal quota system that restricted entry into the United States for people outside Western Europe (United States House of Representatives, n.d.). They established that the previous arrangement had caused serious implications to other nations and even the U.S. itself, calling for a complete overhaul of the American immigration system to accommodate immigrants from all parts of the world. The bill received the resounding support of 318 legislators, opening doors for immigrants from other parts of the world.
Before enacting the Immigration and Naturalization Act, a large population of immigrants in the U.S. was Europeans, constituting over 50 percent of the total immigrants. However, its passage ...
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