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4 pages/≈1100 words
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MLA
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Literature & Language
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Philosophy Paper. Literature & Language Essay Paper

Essay Instructions:

Assignment:
Please write a 4-6 page paper on one of the topics below. The paper must be double-spaced and typed or printed by computer on standard white paper. Please use top, bottom and side margins of one inch and a 12-point font size.
Analyze Searle’s reasoning on pages 39-41. The argument involves more than one inference from premises to a conclusion. Each inference can be treated as a separate argument. Choose one or two of the inferences he makes and show whether the reasoning is valid and, if valid, whether it is sound.
This is not a research paper. There is no need to refer to any sources other than the assigned texts. However, you must cite all sources, including any assigned text. Failure to cite sources properly will result in a grade penalty of 0.5.
Grading guidelines for papers:
Grades for papers will be assigned using the rubric on BlackBoard. The following is a general account of what makes a good paper.
To earn a grade of 4.0, a paper should satisfy the criteria for earning a 3.0 plus:
 Be composed in consistently eloquent prose
 Exhibit an appreciation of the details of the positions discussed
 Defend an interesting thesis well and fully
 Address all familiar topics and texts that are relevant to the topic
 Contribute a new voice or original observation to the dialogue on the chosen topic

Essay Sample Content Preview:
Artificial Intelligence: An Analysis Students Name
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Philosophy Paper
Given the current technological advancements, a lot of people might be tempted to think that Artificial Intelligence has a similar thinking power as that of the human brain. Artificial Intelligence requires human reasoning for it to be developed. Therefore, it is unclear as to whether human beings have reached the capacity of creating a computer that can effectively imitate their mental state. Searle's argument uses premises two, three, and four to come with the first conclusion. Searle points out different reasoning to show that computer programs are not in a position to give any system a mind.
Basing the conclusion on the second premise, it is clear that Searle's argument on computer programs not being in a position to give any system a brain is valid and sound. In his second premise, Searle points out that "syntax is not sufficient for semantics" ( Searle 39). It allows individuals to make a difference between something which has content and that which is normal. Therefore, considering that syntax is not enough for any kind of semantics, it is clear that its syntax structure can only define any computer system. Such is an indication of what human beings mean by creating computer programs. They are a combination of specific syntax structures, which, in turn, contribute to the functioning of Artificial Intelligence. The two premises are valid because it is through the mind caused by the human brains that people can create computer programs. Given that computer programs were in a position to provide the system with brains, then human beings could be battling with another "human" trying to run the world. The computers would turn out to have more knowledge and probably take over human civilization. Such has not occurred. Hence this indicates that the ability of the human brain to cause mind is incomparable to any other thing in the world. Regardless of the automated functions performed by computers, they have not been able to overcome the reasoning of human beings. Therefore, this makes Searle's second and third premises sound. Through the minds created by human brains, people have been able to write various computer programs, but the programs are not sufficient enough to express a mind.
Besides, the first conclusion that computer programs are not sufficient in giving any system a mind makes Searle's fourth premise valid. According to the proposition, various mental contents make up the mind. To be specific, the brain has semantic content, different from that of computers. For instance, the thoughts and desires of an individual regarding a particular event occur because the contents of the brain guide them into having those thoughts. Such is an explanation of why computers are not able to have such thoughts and desires. The computers semantics have different content from that of the human brain. In the case of computers, they have to perform functions according to their program. Contrary to human beings, computer systems are unable to become creative. They can only follow a specific program, and their functions change when human beings change the syntax s...
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