Introduction to Probability Theory & Health Statistics

Introduction to Probability Theory and Heath Statistics
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Part A
A researcher studying lifespan categorizes individuals into single, married, divorced, or widowed. What type of variable measurement is this?
This is a nominal scale measurement, since the observations can be classified depending on marital status, based on whether the participants are single, married divorce or widowed. In any case, the classifications do not have natural order or measurement involved (McGraw-Hill, n.d.).A cognitive scientist places her subjects into categories based on how anxious they tell her that they are feeling: “not anxious”, “mildly anxious”, “moderately anxious” and “severely anxious”, and she uses the numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3 to label categories where lower numbers indicate less anxiety. What type of variable measurement is this? Are the categories mutually exclusive?
This is ordinal level data since there are differences that can be compared to other data points (McGraw-Hill, n.d). Nonetheless, it is not possible to measure the magnitude of these differences, but there are also rankings and ratings (Norman & Streiner, 2008). In this case, the subjects rate their anxious feelings from not anxious to severely anxious. The categories are mutually exclusive, as each participant can only choose one category and it is also exhaustive.A Physician diagnoses the presence or absence of disease (i.e. yes or no). What type of variable measurement is this?
This is nominal level data, where observations are dependent on whether the disease is present. As such classification is dependent on presence and absence of the disease as either ‘yes’ or ‘no’. Each participant is included in one of the two categories since the measurement is mutually exclusive. A person weighing 200 lbs. is considered to be twice as heavy as a person weighing 100 lbs. In this case, what type of measurement is body weight?
This is a ratio variable and is similar to an interval variable but the 0 point is meaningful (McGraw-Hill, n.d). Since the weight of 200 lbs is twice that of a 100 lbs person, the ratio measurement gives the ratio for the two measurements as 2:1.A nurse takes measurements of body temperature on patients and reports them in units of degrees Farenheit as part of a study. What type of variable measurement is this? The patients’ temperature in Fahrenheit is an interval variable, where one can measure the difference between two viable and rank measurements. Nonetheless, the absolute zero (0) does not exist, as it would be impractical to state that at 0 °F, temperature does not exist.Patients rate their experience in the emergency room on a five point scale from poor to excellent (1 = very poor, 2 = not very good, 3 = neither good nor bad, 4 = quite good, and 5 = excellent). What type of variable measurement is this? Is the difference between a 1 and a 2 necessarily the same as the difference between a 3 and a 4? Explain briefly
This is an ordinal level variable measurement as the patients rate their experiences depending on the ranking scale. However, it is not possible to add or subtract from the ratin...