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Pages:
8 pages/≈2200 words
Sources:
15 Sources
Style:
Harvard
Subject:
Biological & Biomedical Sciences
Type:
Research Paper
Language:
English (U.S.)
Document:
MS Word
Date:
Total cost:
$ 46.66
Topic:

Impact of Freezing, Thawing, and Downstream Processing Cycles on Protein Products

Research Paper Instructions:

This is a critical analysis assignment. I have uploaded attached files based off a previous assignment and doing a critical analysis.
Critical Analysis Assignment
Guidelines:
● 200-250-word abstract
● Approx 2,000 words of text (excluding abstract)
● 10-15 references approximately
● 5 figures and/or tables
Preparation of Assignment:
General guidelines are given below. Please note that the total words in the article should not exceed 2,500 with 5 figures and tables; however, this is flexible but further than may impact the readability.
Title
Author(s) name
Affiliations
Abstract
Key Words
Introduction
Review/Main body of text
List of abbreviations used (if any)
References
Tables and captions (if any)
Illustrations and Figures
Figure legends (if any)
Description of additional data files (if any)
Title
Should be precise and relevant to the content of the manuscript and having not more than 25 words. Avoid providing abbreviations in the title.
Author(s) name
Please note the corresponding author’s name and corresponding e-mails should be given.
Affiliations
Along with each author's name, academic degrees and affiliations should be mentioned.
Abstract
The Abstract should be presented in 1.5 line spacing, limited to a single page. It should be no less than 200 words and no more than 250 words in length. Presented as a single paragraph of continuous text, the Abstract should not contain any sub-titles, bullet points, tables/diagrams/images, or references. Abbreviations (except units etc.) should be avoided.
In terms of organization, a useful plan to follow is:
• Clarify the background/context and aims/objectives of the investigation
• Describe the methods employed
• Provide a brief summary of the results (including specific data and statistical significances, etc.).
• Outline the principal conclusions from the study.
Use the past tense when composing your Abstract – you are writing about what has been done. Make sure that your Abstract does not contain any information that is not included in your assignment. Accuracy and precision are crucial to the success of an Abstract.
Keywords
List 4 to 10 key words as index terms representing the article content. These should be placed beneath the abstract.
Introduction
The Introduction should be in brief, stating the purpose of the study(s) and its aims. Provide background that puts the manuscript into context and allows readers outside the field to understand the significance of the study. Reference key pieces of literature in the area you are investigating.
Main body/Critical Review
This section should contain principal idea of the article divided into subsections conveying information and discuss the key points. Divide the body into suitable individual topics/sections, each with its own subheading (in bold). Each subheading should be followed by 1-3 paragraphs. Ideally each paragraph should have a topic sentence and should be written clearly but concisely. The last section often relates to key open questions in the field. Citations should be selective and, in the case of particularly important studies authors are encouraged to explain why these are key contributions.
Abbreviations
Use only standard abbreviations and can be provided as a separate list or should be spelled out in the text when used for the first time. Abbreviations should be used as sparingly as possible.
Example: RNA: Ribose Nucleic Acid.
Tables
Tables are a useful means to document data and authors should always aim to make any Tables concise and informative. Each table should be self-contained: readers should not need to read the surrounding text in order to comprehend the information in the figure or table. As noted earlier each Table should be presented on a separate page and clearly numbered (Arabic numbers, i.e. Table 1 etc.) and cited in the text.
• Give each table a number and an informative title. Use sentence case capitalization for the title (first word only).
• All tables must be referred to in the text before they appear.
• Avoid abbreviations in figures and tables, where possible. If you need to use an abbreviation, provide a key in the figure/table itself.
When you use data from another published source make sure you reference it appropriately.
Illustrations and Figures
Figures should be uniformly arranged and numbered consecutively according to the order in which they have been cited in the text. If a figure has been published previously, acknowledge the original source.
Type or print out legends for illustrations using double spacing, starting on a separate page, with Arabic numerals corresponding to the illustrations. Start the legend with a title followed by short description of the figure or illustration and care should be taken not to repeat the description in the text. When symbols, arrows, numbers, or letters are used to identify parts of the illustrations, identify and explain each one clearly in the legend.
Legends to Tables and Figures

Authors should include a Legend for each and every Figure which should be self-contained, enabling the reader to understand the Figure without having to look at the manuscript body of text or elsewhere
References
In-text citations should be used throughout the document to provide background information; support claims made in the text; and set the research studies in the context of previous work. There are a variety of referencing software programs available to organise your references, such as EndNote, RefWorks, Mendeley etc.
The ‘cite while you write’ tool is particularly useful for keeping track of references and maintaining an up to date bibliography. Avoid using open source sources of data, examples of these include Wikipedia, ask.com, about.com, answers.com or associated websites. Use of such sources will result in loss of marks.

Research Paper Sample Content Preview:

 A study of the impact of freezing and thawing cycles on protein products during the downstream processing cycles and the technologies minimize the impact damage to the protein products
Name
Course
Instructor
Due Date
Abstract 
There is an analysis of information on the impact of freezing and thawing cycles on protein products and the impact of downstream processing cycles on the protein products. The information includes technologies minimizing damage to the protein product. There were reviews of past research on freezing and thawing cycles, downstream processing cycles, and impact on protein products. Synthesis and analysis of information provide insights on technologies and techniques that are helpful to reduce damage to protein products during the freezing and thawing cycles and downstream processing cycles. Analysis of physicochemical characteristics and changes after freezing-thawing and downstream processing cycle indicate choosing techniques that are less likely to damage proteins helps maintain protein stability. Various studies highlighted multiple freezing and thawing and downstream processing cycles. Optimizing bioprocessing to reduce protein product degradation and improve their stability requires understanding how different processes affect protein stability. Chromatographic processes are more widely used for initial product capture and bioseparation operations than non-chromatographic processes, but advances in technology have made the latter viable for high-value products. Advances and research in continuous downstream processing have led to better cost-efficiency in processing biopharmaceuticals than conventional processing. Prioritizing improving efficiency in freezing and thawing cycle and downstream processing have improved product quality. Technological advances have enhanced continuous bioprocessing with less variability in protein product quality.
Key Words: Freezing and thawing cycle, downstream processing cycles, protein quality, bioprocessing, biopharmaceuticals, protein-based therapeutics, continuous processes chromatography
Introduction  
Optimizing freezing and thawing events and downstream processing cycles of protein products is necessary to limit and prevent damage to protein products. In bioprocessing production, upstream processing is the production, while purification is downstream processing, and the latter includes protein purification. The freezing and thawing processes are commonly used in biopharmaceutical processing, but the processes damage the quality of proteins compared to room temperatures (Hauptmann et al., 2018, p. 1). This research aims to evaluate the impact of freezing and thawing cycles on protein products during the downstream processing cycle. The research also identifies technologies available to minimize damage to protein products from the freezing and thawing cycles and downstream processing cycles.
When biological materials such as cells, proteins, nucleic acids, tissue culture fluid,  and plant tissues are subjected to the freezing and thawing cycles, there may be changes in the cellular, protein, or DNA structure. The freezing and thawing cycles are used to maintain the stability of biopharmaceutical products and sto...
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