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APA
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Social Sciences
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Research Paper
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English (U.S.)
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Topic:
Female Genital Mutilation
Research Paper Instructions:
Must include reference page, title page. Title page must have title centered, then my name for Human Sexuality, then Alpena Community College, then Mr. Howe, then date, November 18, 2015. Title must appear first on first page of paper, then on top of every page, pages must have number after title. Must include citing, APA style, and reference page.
Research Paper Sample Content Preview:
Female Genital Mutilation
Human Sexuality
Alpena Community College
Mr Howe
November 18, 2015
Introduction
Just as the name suggests, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), is considered a violation of human rights all over the world. This practice mostly backed by tradition in most cultures, involved partial or total removal of external parts of the female genitalia for no medical reason. This practice causes injury and deformation of these parts and is mostly carried out on minors for various reasons using techniques that are not medically approved or supervised by qualified medical personnel (Mohammed, Hassan & Eyada, 2014). Besides being an internationally recognized violation of the rights of children, FGM is considered as a reflection of gender inequality in society.
Types of Female Genital Mutilation and their History
Due to its practice in many cultures all over the world, the origin of FGM is unknown. Its practice is reminiscent from the aboriginal tribes of Australia to different societies in Africa. There are different types of female genital mutilation. These types differ in different continents and cultures. However, due to the nature of injuries inflicted on the victims of this practice their physical and emotional effects last for a lifetime with a lot of complications along the way. In order to understand these scarring implications, it is important to know about the types of female genital mutilation practices carried out all over the world
Clitoridectomy involves the total or partial removal of the clitoris through cutting or scraping. In rare cases some communities also cut the prepuce which is the fold of skin that surrounds the clitoris. Excision is another type of female genital mutilation that involves removal of the clitoris. The main difference is that in most cases of excision the labia majora is also removed. Infibulation involves creating a covering seal as a way of narrowing the vaginal opening (Andersson et al, 2012). This covering seal is formed by cutting the outer or inner labia and repositioning it without removing the clitoris. Infibulation in ancient Rome involved piercing of the labia using fibulae. There are other harmful non-medical procedures that are carried out on female genitalia. They include cauterizing, piercing, pricking, incising and scraping the female genital area.
These methods vary due to their wide usage in traditional societies and the reasons behind their use based on different cultures and traditions. In the 19th Century, as a means to curb female masturbation and insanity, gynaecologists removed the clitoris. This method was later considered ineffective. Ties of female genital mutilation to certain parts of the world with a high concentration of traditional cultural beliefs are evident all over the world today. Africa is considered to be the origin of FGM and is still a common practice in most parts of this continent. Countries in East, Central, West and North East Africa still carry out these procedures in high numbers to this day (Banks et al., 2006). Most beliefs about clitoridectomy originating from a specific religious tradition are untrue. It is considered a cultural practice and not a religious one.
Infibulation is believed to have originat...
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