Major Depressive Disorder: Literature Review

Major Depressive Disorder: Literature Review
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Major Depressive Disorder: Literature Review
The PICOT question selected is as follows: In assessing students aged between 12-18 years (P), is it necessary to develop a tool that would be used in analyzing depression (I), as compared to other usual approaches of care (C) that ensures effective procedures are implemented in detecting depression (O) within a 2-week period (T)? The proposed solution/intervention entails developing an appropriate tool for detecting Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) rather the use of standard care for use among adolescents and students. MDD is also referred to as clinical depression or major depression. Clinical depression is a rising health concern among adolescents and students. The symptoms and signs of this disorder are often overlooked by primary care practitioners and parents, since they are often seen as a normal part of growing up (Allgaier et al., 2012). Even so, a lot of students in fact have MDD that could be identified and treated.
In her systematic review study, Dihigo (2013) sought to critically assess the existing evidence with regard to the utilization of screening tools for depression in adolescents. This author focused her search on the use of BDI-II and CES-DC screening tools, and included research studies conducted in a school or an emergency department. Dihigo (2013) found that BDI-II and CES-DC are important screening tools that may be utilized for primary care. In another study, Williams et al. (2011) assessed the health effects of routine screening for MDD in primary care settings amongst young people aged seven to eighteen years. The sources of data included Cochrane, PsycInfo, and Medline. Various screening tools were tested to determine how best they perform. The validity of those screening tools was evaluated against the gold standard diagnostic interview. For depressive disorders, the PHQ-9 and HADS-D screening tools are highly recommended (Williams et al., 2011).
Allgaier et al. (2012) in their study looked into the criterion validity of Patient Health Questionnaire nine-item (PHQ-9) as well as two-item (PHQ-2) version as instruments for screening for depression for adolescents. The authors learned that PHQ-9 is more effective and performed better than PHQ-2. The findings of Allgaier et al. (2012) are consistent with those of Williams et al. (2011) who also recommended the use of PHQ-9 for depression-screening in youngsters. Ali, Ryan and De Silva (2016) in their study also found that PHQ-9 is an effective tool for detecting depressive disorders. The study by Salerno and Barnhart (2014) evaluated the efficacy of Rapid Assessment for Adolescent Preventive Services (RAAPS) as a tool for screening depression in adolescents. The authors concluded that this tool could really be effectual in helping to identify depression in adolescents. Sirpal et al. (2016) in their research study compared a subgroup of ethnic minority teens with the rest of the population with the use of WHO-5, Hscl-6, Hscl-10 and Three-Key Questions for depression-screening in primary care setting. The authors found that these tools are valid in detecting depression in ethnic minority teens within the primar...