Microbiology project 2 Biological & Biomedical Sciences Research Paper

Research Paper Instructions:

Due on November 30, 2020, Monday)

Your papers must be typed and double-spaced. No hand written papers will be accepted. Later papers will receive a 10% deduction in points for each day (including non-class days) they are late. Please save your Project 2 as one single word file, then use your UTEP email account to send your assignment to me with an attachment
Questions 1 and 2:
Please read textbook or other literatures to write a mini-review paper (at least one page for each question) to address below questions. When you cite literature in your paper, please put the cited reference into your paper. (10 points for each question)
1. The development of primary and secondary immune responses to an antigen differs significantly. The primary response may take a week or more to develop fully and establish memory. The secondary response is rapid and relies on the activation of clones of memory cells. Would it not be better if clones of reactive cells were maintained regardless of prior exposure? In this way, the body could always respond rapidly to any antigen exposure. Would there be any disadvantages to this approach? Why?
2. Jack and Jill were badly burned in an accident at the well and both were taken to the burn unit of the local hospital. The burns covered only a small area of skin so grafts were prepared for both patients from the skin of Jack’s thigh. Jack’s graft was successful and his burn healed completely. Jill, however, rejected the grafted skin. Explain the immune responses of both patients to these grafts. What treatments could have helped Jill to avoid rejection of her graft?
Questions 3 and 4:
Please read textbook or other literatures to write a mini-review paper (at least two pages for each question) to address below questions. When you cite literature in your paper, please put the cited reference into your paper. (15 points for each question)
3. The 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation. Please search the information from internet or literature and write a summary for each scientist’s major discovery for them to receive the Nobel Prize on medicine in 2018. How did their discovery contribute to cancer treatment?
4. What is coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? How does COVID-19 spread and how can we prevent COVID-19? Please design both molecular and immunological approaches to detect COVID-19.

Research Paper Sample Content Preview:

Microbiology
Student Name
Institution Affiliation
Microbiology
Question 1: Secondary Immune Responses to Antigen
Memory B cells especially lymphocytes are used for secondary response against antigens. During their first exposure to antigens they produce antibodies, but the amount increases after the second exposure. The cells are formed in two ways; first, when the T cells differentiate in short lived plasma cells and second, when T cells differentiate in lymphoid organs. Their abilities to fight antigens very fast is based on the fact that they can quickly differentiate in the plasma cells and specifically in the IgG+ Bm cells which are of huge significance in tackling infections (Ratajczak et al., 2018).
Having many memory B cells has the advantage of responding rapidly to antigens. However, the ability of the cells is ineffective, and that is the reason why scientists have resorted to vaccination. The T cells and memory B do not fight infections. Effector cells and antibodies, thus putting the efficacy of memory B cells into question, fight the infections. The cells only guarantee a quick response, but they don’t offer protection against diseases (Campos & Godson, 2003). Therefore, a combination of vaccination and memory B cells offers protection against diseases. The only concern is about the longevity of resistance because sometimes it doesn’t last for the projected time frames and makes it difficult to maintain the same level of immunity. In some occasions, this is attributed to the low rate of cloning of the memory cells.
Protection against some parasite infections has indicated that secondary cells cannot differentiate in time to control diseases. This affects credibility of effector cells to offer the required resistance against diseases. Another instance is malaria, where it has proven to be hard for memory B cells to guarantee protection. In this scenario, secondary response immune system is takes longer time to get strong (Campos & Godson, 2003). Naturally acquired resistance of individuals against malaria develops slowly over long periods, which can prevent deaths.
Even though cloning of memory B cells is significant for the quick response of antigens, they do not guarantee 100 percent protection. They cannot be relied upon to fight infections, and thus have to be blended with artificial measures like immunizations and vaccinations.
Question 2: Causes and treatment of skin grafting rejection
Jack's graft was successful because the skins were identical (syngeneic graft) hence they had the same DNA, making grafting easy. The immune responses in Jill originated from angiogenic mediators, macrophages, cytokines, polymorphonuclear cells, and dendritic cell (DCs) which was in turn accompanied by activation of the T cells (CD4+ and CD8+). The skin rejection was furthered by the accumulation of effector T cells and inflammatory cytokines. The stimulus that triggered the rejection of his graft was caused by the mismatch in Jack’s major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and his T cell receptors (TCRs). The MHC is very critical that a single genetic difference can lead to skin graft rejection. The DCs in Jill's body might have migrated into the lymphoid organs, which are influence...

Updated on January 26, 2024

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Microbiology project 2 Biological & Biomedical Sciences Research Paper

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