The influence of other languages on the English language

1.3 The influence of other languages on the English language
The English language is formed of a number of languages. Over the years the language has had massive changes relative to other languages. It is a language that is largely Germanic even though a great deal of other languages. The current English language coming from the old English language also borrowed a lot of its words and vocabulary from the French language which is part of the Romanic. Other than the Romanic contributions, a lot of other words are borrowed from the Latin language. As such Latin and French make some of the largest contributions to the English language other than its Germanic origin, as Dailykos.com (2012) points out. However, over the course of development of the language, there have been other languages that made significant contributions to what the language is today. According Mastin (2011), Celtic and the Scandinavian languages have also had major impact on the English language development over the years.
As Sapir (1921:206) noticed that:
"The simplest kind of influence that one language may exert on another is the borrowing of words. When there is cultural borrowing there is always the likelihood that the associated words may be borrowed too." As cultures interact some of the language elements are borrowed between the interacting the languages.
1.3.1 Latin
According to Moore (2000), the English language has had deep etymologies in the Greek language; this essentially marks the subtle development. Although as of now most of the English speakers may deem the language of the Greeks esoteric and remote, they still hold a great deal of respect for the language. The way the Greeks formed their words, sentences as well as the word elements was heavily borrowed into the Latin language for more than 1500 years. These adoptions were later on passed to most of the European languages among others. However, Baugh and Cable (n.d.) reckon that, in the English language the adoptions of the Latin language along with the adoptions from the Greek language were mainly through religious applications. It was in the Middle Ages that the influx gained momentum.
For example Moore (2000) remarks that, one of the words that show the Latin influence on the English language came from the Greeks. For the Greeks the word that refers to artistic writing was essentially kaligraphia, when the Latin adopted the word, it turned into calligraphia, for the French they turned into calligraphie, while the English language adopted the word and turned it into calligraphy.
One other aspect that the Latin language has contributed to the English language is through the alphabet. Before Christianity was introduced to England, all of the letters were written in runis letters. According to Baugh and Cable, (n.d.), this was an alphabet that was referred to as the futharc. This was a word that was derived from the first six letters of the collective alphabet. With the influence of the Irish scripts, the English language adopted much of the Latin alphabet without much change. It is estimated that close to 450 words, most of them nouns, that are now used in the English language were borrowed from the Latin language.
Moore (2000) also points out that, given a majority of these words...