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Life Sciences
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Answer Questions: Atoms Species, Stickiness, Electrons

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1. What are isotopes? What are the applications of radioactive isotopes in biologicalresearch. Explain briefly.2. Explain the chemical bonding involved in common table salt?3. What is the difference between Hydrogen Bonding and Van der Waals Interactions?4. Explain polar covalent bonds in water molecules and its importance.5. Explain the cohesive behavior of water.6. Explain the properties of water that helps its transport in plants.7. How does moderation of temperature happen with the help of water.8. Water expansion upon freezing. Explain.9. Explain the versatility of water as a solvent.10. Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms.11. Define acids, bases, pH scale and buffers.12. What are isomers? Use some examples to explain.13. Explain the formation of bonds with carbon.14. Explain the molecular diversity arising from Carbon Skeleton Variation.15. Name some important functional groups that are important in the chemistry of life.Provide names and their molecular formulae.16. Study the structural formulae and importance of all the following functional groups.17. What is ATP? Describe it and its importance in life.18. What are polymers? What are the reactions involved in their synthesis and breakdown?Use at least 2 examples to explain.19. What are carbohydrates? Explain using 4 different examples.20. What are monosaccharides? Explain their role and functioning using using 4 differentexamples.21. What are polysaccharides? Explain their role and functioning using using 4 differentexamples.22. What are lipids? Explain using 4 different examples.23. What are the different kinds of fats available? Explain them using at least 2 examples.24. What are phospholipids? Discuss their composition, structure and role in a cell.25. What are steroids? Explain them using at least 2 examples.26. What are carbohydrates? Explain using 4 different examples.27. Discuss the importance of proteins in the functioning of a cell.28. Discuss the different kinds of proteins present in a living system.29. What are amino acids? Name all the 20 amino acids present.30. Explain the basic structure of an amino acid. Draw the structures of 4 different aminoacids.31. Discuss the four levels of protein structures.32. Explain protein folding.33. What are the structural similarities and differences between DNA and RNA?34. Explain what 5’ and 3’ is with respect to DNA and RNA and its implications in molecularbiology.35. What are the different enzymes involved in DNA replication. Discuss briefly.36. What are leading and lagging strands? Explain.37. What are the three main features of the DNA synthesis reaction?38. What are the similarities and differences between DNA Polymerases I, II and III?39. What is DNA proofreading”40. What is DNA repair? How is it accomplished?

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1 Isotopes are atoms species of chemical elements with the same periodic table position and atomic number and almost indistinguishable chemical behavior but their physical properties and atomic masses are different. Radioactive isotopes can be used as tracers in biology. They can be used for anemia and liver disease diagnosis, and lung imaging.
2 Sodium chloride (NaCl) is common referred to as table salt. The typical ionic bonding case is the molecule of sodium chloride which forms through ionization of the sodium and the chlorine atoms as well as the the attraction of the resultant ions.
3 The molecule do not necessarily need to have a dipole for Van der Waals forces to take place but Hydrogen bonding occurs in between 2 permanent dipoles.
4 In a polar covalent bond, the electrons shared by the atoms spend a greater amount of time, on the average, closer to the Oxygen nucleus than the Hydrogen nucleus. Molecules with polar covalent bonds tend to interact strongly with each other. Therefore, a molecule with such a small molecular weight like water lowering the boiling point.
5 Cohesion is the "stickiness" that water molecules have for each other. It happens because the positive and negative charges of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms that make up water molecules makes them attracted to each other. Just like the positive (+) and negative (-) poles of a magnet, the negative charges attract positive charges and vice versa.
6 Cohesion helps plants draw water upwards from the root through the stem's transport tubes (xylem) to the leaf. This transport occurs against gravity and even in large trees.
7 Hydrogen bonds are extremely strong and thus very difficult to break, which allows them to resist temperature change.
8 Water reaches its maximum density at about 4°C and this causes bodies of water to freeze on the top first. Then the further expansion as a part of the phase change keeps the ice floating with approximately 8% of its mass above the surface.
9 Water is a versatile solvent because as a polar molecule, it has oxygen side having a negative charge and the hydrogen side having a positive charge. This means water is able to bind to ions and other polar molecules, dissolving them.
10 Organisms function...
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