Mid-Term essay questions. Psychology, Social psychology, Sociology

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Mid-Term Essay Questions
Answer 1
Psychology refers to the study of human behavior and mind, and organizations can use it to motivate their employees.
Social psychology is the field of science that focuses on people’s interactions and how human behaviors affect the way individuals relate to each other.
Sociology involves the study of cultures, patterns of human relationships, and social interaction. Organizations can use it to promote cultural diversity.
Anthropology refers to the study of the origin of humans, how they evolved, cultural values, norms, patterns of their behavior, and their uniqueness as a species. Moreover, this field focuses on how language affects individuals’ social lives.
Answer 2
Positive reinforcement refers to the added stimulus that makes an individual or animal likely to repeat a particular behavior. Indeed, it fosters a favorable reward, event, or outcome (Cherry). For example, when an employee exceeds the sales quota in a month, the individual receives a bonus. For this reason, the worker is likely to sell more products to receive rewards in the future.
Punishment entails the change that occurs when a human or an animal behaves in a specific way. Indeed, it diminishes the likelihood of an individual or animal repeating a particular action in the future. For instance, a student who talks in the middle of a lecture is likely to be scolded by the teacher, which makes the learner never to repeat that behavior.
Extinction refers to the disappearance of a particular learned behavior due to the lack of reinforcement. For example, when one stops rewarding a dog after it shakes the hand, the animal will eventually stop shaking hand.
Negative reinforcement entails a behavior that becomes bolstered by removing avoiding the aversive stimuli. For instance, one might decide to leave for work early in the morning to avoid being stuck in traffic, which might make an individual late to report for the duty.
Answer 3
The primary elements of the big 5 personality model include extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness. Openness involves features such as imagination. People high in the trait are creative, critical thinkers, try new things, and tackle all challenges that come their way (Cherry). Those who are low dislike change, not innovative, resist new suggestions, and do not like alterations of their daily routine.
Conscientiousness entails objective-directed characters, proper impulse control, and thoughtfulness. People who are highly conscientious pay attention to things, complete vital tasks without wasting time, prepare in advance, and set a schedule for every task. Those who are low in this trait do not like schedules, they are careless, procrastinate various things, do not complete assignments on time, and fail to return things to their usual positions.
The primary components of extraversion include sociability, assertiveness, emotional, talkativeness, and excitability. Individuals who have high levels of extraversion like to begin conversations, enjoy interacting with new people, like taking center stage, and are energized by social situations. Those who are low in the tra...