The topic is Diamond. All the question is all about diamond

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Diamond
Diamond is a mineral that forms naturally under the surface of the earth, and it is composed of carbon atoms that are firmly held together by a strong covalent bond. The physical and chemical characteristics of diamond include heaviness, a high melting point of about 4,000 degrees Celsius, does not conduct electricity, the most hardest mineral, and colorless (Libretexts.org). Additionally, diamond is not soluble in organic solvents or water. When the mineral burns under very high temperatures, it releases carbon dioxide as one of its byproducts. Diamond has a low surface energy and high atomic density. The chemical and physical properties and rarity of the diamond make it one of the precious and valuable stones.
Diamond forms many miles under the surface of the earth. The mineral forms in the mantle or lithosphere, in the subduction zones, and asteroid impact sites. Many geologists believe that diamond forms in the mantle and are deposited on the surface of the earth during volcanic eruptions. Moreover, the mineral forms under high temperatures of over 2,000 degrees Celsius and pressures (King). The mantle is found about 90 miles below the surface of the earth. The areas where diamond forms are called stability zones. The mineral is delivered on the ground via volcanic explosions. In some cases, it is formed in the subduction zones, which is found fifty miles underground. Another method through which the mineral forms is when asteroids hit the surface of the earth. The impact causes extreme high pressures and temperatures about 9-12 miles under the surface of the earth (Bataleva et al. 177). Overall, diamond forms many miles below the surface of the earth under high temperatures and pressures.
The first diamonds were collected on river banks in India around the 4th century BC. These minerals were estimated to have been formed approximately 900 million years ago (Mehta). When the Indian mines became depleted, deposits of these minerals were found in South Africa and Brazil. In antiquity, people collected kimberlites with traces of diamonds on river banks. However, currently, it is extracted many miles below the surface of the earth through pipe mining.
The diamond ore extraction involves some stages, namely crushing, cyclonic separation plant, scrubbing, cleaning, and recovery (Shimansky). When kimberlite is obtained, it is taken to a primary crusher that reduces the larger pieces into smaller ones. Afterward, it is transferred to a greased roller coaster where only the small pieces of diamonds pass since other materials stick to the grease. Scrubbing removes excess materials, resulting in further extraction of the mineral. Cyclone separation plant comprises of water and ferrosilicon powder, which is used to further separate the diamond by discarding other raw materials. The recovery process separates diamonds from other heavy density substances. Lastly, diamonds are cleaned in acid and weighed before packaging. At this point, they are ready to be converted into any object or art material.
Diamond has religious, symbolic, and political significance. Catholics use it to decorate the pope’s attire and other objects that they use, such as a cross in...