How the September 11th Attacks Affect US International Policies

HOW THE SEPTEMBER 11TH ATTACKS AFFECTED AMERICA’S INTERNATIONAL POLICIES
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Introduction
Terror attacks have always been a subject of discussion among pundits, policy makers and scholars across the world and the discussion is yet to come to an end. Most countries have introduced a lot of dramatic changes when it comes to international policies in an attempt to protect their citizens from terror attacks. American’s invincibility and sense of security was severely destroyed by the September 11th terror attacks and this called for drastic changes in its international and travel security policies. The September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon affected the American people in two major ways, the first being intentional policies to decrease immigration and to increase deportations and the second manifested in the creation of the Transportation Security Administration in order to bring more security in travel. This essay will highlight how America’s security policies and transportation security administration changed after the September 11th attacks through a comprehensive review of various scholarly sources.[Biggs, Selden & ‎Lelia, Helms, The Practice of American Public Policymaking. (London: Routledge, 2014), 45.]
Background Information about the attack
The terror attacks were orchestrated and executed by an Islamic Extremist Group commonly referred to as Al-Qaida on September 11, 2001. The suicide attacks were executed using four hijacked airliners. The attacks involved 19 militants who simultaneously hijacked the four airliners and directed them towards the Pentagon and the World Trade Centre. Two of the airliners crashed into the World Trade Center in New York City, while the Pentagon which is located in Arlington County, Virginia, was hit by the third plane. The remaining plane crashed in a Pennsylvania field after the hijackers were confronted by some of the passengers in the plane. Approximately 3000 people, including the 19 militants lost their lives in the attacks in the largest terror attack in American history. There was massive infrastructure and property damage as a result of the attack and the damages were valued to be worth $10 billion.[Ibid] [Birkland, Thomas, Lessons of Disaster: Policy Change after Catastrophic Events. (New York: Georgetown University Press, 2006), 35.] [Ibid] [Ibid]
How the attacks changed America’s security policies
Some changes were bound to happen in the United’s States immigration system immediately after the September 11th attack. The immigration debate that had been ongoing since the early 1990s took a completely new twist after the attacks. President Bush had taken a moderate approach towards immigration prior to the attack, but immediately shifted his approach in an attempt to restore America’s invincibility. In response to future threats of terrorism, the Bush Administration came up with immigration policy measures with some of them appearing to be very controversial. The US government came up with specific policies targeting those with links to the Al-Qaida terror group as well policy measures that were not linked to AL Qaeda. A...