The history of philosophy and the western civilization

Democritus-Anaxagoras and Anaximander ideas on the structure of the cosmos and their style of reasoning and their theories
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The history of philosophy and the western civilization
The history of philosophy and the western civilization can be traced back to ancient Greece. Religious mythology was used for philosophical speculation; hence religion was a powerful social force that shaped human view to understand nature and the cosmos. The first philosophers moved beyond the traditional mythological explanation of the world, stressing on rationality and unity of things. It's from several philosophers like Thales, Anaximander and Anaximenes explanations that jumpstarted the Greek philosophy, including their cosmologies which did not attribute the creation of the world to god's powers.
Famous philosophers of ancient Greece, including Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes attempt to explain what the universe is made of. Thales believed that everything was water based on its appearance and its visible form change. The main question he attempted to examine was the force that afforded the change. For him, he believed that substances were the actual things that existed and seen under the layers of changes (Izady, n.d). What Thales answered was the status of appearance and how it was related to substance.
Another philosopher Anaximenes theorized that sources of everything came from condensed and expanded air and all is air. Pythagoras a famous philosopher presented the mathematical relation to explaining reality (Izady, n.d). Heraclitus, who lived between c. 540–c. 480 BCE generated the ideology of binary oppositional existence, arguing that the world we ever-changing and was held together by a unifying ideology of logos. He stated that reality did not exist as an Arche; instead, it was the unity of opposites that occurred when two faces the same reality (Izady, n.d). According to Heraclitus, the ever-changing world around us was only held together through a unifying principle. He stated that "All existing entities are pairs of contrary properties. No entity may ever occupy a single state at a single time. Thus, all entities come to be in accordance with these logos" (Izady, n.d).
He believed that the state of equilibrium of the opposite sides is where reality existed. Some of his famous quotes include that with the ever-changing world "no man ever steps in the same river twice". "Although logos are one and commonly shared, most people live as if they had their own private one!" (Izady, n.d). Similarly, Parmenides, who lived between 515 - 450 BC also attempted to explain the existence of the universe stating that it’s one unchanging thing that exists which is indivisible. For him, the way of truth was one; hence the truth was unchangeable, timeless, uniform, and necessary and was immutable (Izady, n.d).
Parmenides explained that the world of reality was about one's sensory leading to the conception which can be false and deceitful. However, since the truth was immutable, then motion which is immutable makes it impossible because of its plurality. This is the same idea supported by Zeno, who asserted that motion was not possible on an unlimited scale (Izady, n.d).
Avicenna...