The History Of The Increase In Opiate Addiction

Annotation on opiate Addiction
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Cerdá, M., Ransome, Y., Keyes, K. M., Koenen, K. C., Tracy, M., Tardiff, K. J., ... & Galea, S. (2013). Prescription opioid mortality trends in New York City, 1990–2006: examining the emergence of an epidemic. Drug and alcohol dependence, 132(1), 53-62
The secondary research conducted by Cerdá and the colleagues (2013) on the overdose of opioids prescription from 1990 to 2006 which reveals the current prescription of opioids overdose epidemic in the urban areas. The authors indicate that analgesic-induced overdose fatalities were the main overdose that had been increased by seven folds from 0.39 in 1990 to 2.7 per 100,000 persons in 2006 especially among the Whites and Latinos. Therefore, the study is relevant to the proposed research since it elaborates on the distinct epidemiologic of analgesic especially the opiate mortality trends in New York. Thus, it gives more information on the opiate usage.
Compton, W. M., & Volkow, N. D. (2006). Major increases in opioid analgesic abuse in the United States: concerns and strategies. Drug and alcohol dependence, 81(2), 103-107.
Compton and Volkow (2006) in their research reveal an increase of abuse and addiction of opioids analgesics in the USA in the past decade. The authors reveal that such increased in abuse has been a challenge for the healthcare practitioners especially in prescription practices as well as a change in drug formulations and the ease of accessibility of the internet. In addition, the authors note that the prolonged usage of analgesics for the treatment of acute pain results to its abuse and addiction. Furthermore, the research reveals that some clinical practices, as well as proper investigations on the best practices, would help solve the problem of addiction. Therefore, the study is essential since it adds information about the opiate use and abuse, especially among the American teenagers. Furthermore, it asserts better ways of curbing opiate abuse which will add more information to the intended study.
Gilson, A. M., Ryan, K. M., Joranson, D. E., & Dahl, J. L. (2004). A reassessment of trends in the medical use and abuse of opioid analgesics and implications for diversion control: 1997–2002. Journal of pain and symptom management, 28(2), 176-188.
The study reveals the trend of opiate usage for medication and its abuse from 1997 to 2002. This has been accomplished through evaluation of the trends in medication such relieve of severe pain through the use of fentanyl, hydromorphone, meperidine, morphine and oxycodone and frequency of abuse of such drugs. In addition, it reveals the trend of opiate abuse compared to other classes of drugs. Therefore, the study is important in the provision of the historical medical application as well as the historical trends of its abuse. Thus it is relevant to the proposed study by providing the different derivatives of opiates and the usage besides abuse trends.
Grau, L. E., Dasg...