BIO 102 WK 3 SLP: Various Types Of Living Organisms

Please follow instructions on the attached document Warning!!!!!! Please Following the instructions for University of Berkeley. They are looking for specific data Thanks.
Module 3 - Background
PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY
Required Material
Characteristics of organisms in the 6 major kingdoms:
DiVenere, Vic (2011) The Diversity of Life. Accessed February 25, 2014
Principles of taxonomy and classification:
Dirnberger, Joseph (n.d.) Phylogeny and Systematics. Accessed February 25, 2014
Variety of plant life forms:
Farabee, MJ (2004) Biological Diversity Nonvascular Plants and Nonseed Vascular Plants. Accessed February 25, 2014
Variety of animal life forms:
Farabee, MJ (2004) Biological Diversity : Animals I. Accessed February 25, 2014
Types of vertebrates and their organ systems:
Kimball, John (2011) The Vertebrates. Accessed February 25, 2014
Guralnick R, Collins A, Waggoner B, Speer B, Whitney C, Smith D.  UCMP Exhibit Hall, University of California Museum of Paleontology, UC Berkeley.  Accessed on February 20, 2014
SLP
Urakawa, H., Garcia, Juan C., Barreto, Patricia D., Molina, Gabriela A., Barreto, Jose C. (2012). A sensitive crude oil bioassay indicates that oil spills potentially induce a change of major nitrifying prokaryotes from the Archaea to the Bacteria. Environmental Pollution. 164:42-45
Guralnick R, Collins A, Waggoner B, Speer B, Whitney C, Smith D.  UCMP Exhibit Hall, University of California Museum of Paleonto
Module 3 - SLP
PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY
Overview
As you have learned in Modules 1 and 2, prokaryotes share many common features that differentiate them from eukaryotes, such as:
Lack of nuclear membrane, unicellularity, division by binary-fission and generally small size.
As introduced on the Home page of Module 3, various species differ and can be classified into taxonomic groups based on several characteristics. One characteristic commonly used to differentiate an organism as belonging to one species or another is the potential for the individuals to reproduce sexually and produce viable offspring. However, this characteristic cannot be applied to prokaryotes, and so their identification and classification is often determined based on:
    Phylogeny: All bacteria stem from a common ancestor and diversified since, consequently possess different levels of evolutionary relatedness
    Metabolism: Different bacteria may have different metabolic abilities
    Environment: Different bacteria thrive in different environments, such as high/low temperature and salt
    Morphology: There are many structural differences between bacteria, such as cell shape, Gram stain (number of lipid bilayers) or bilayer composition
    Pathogenicity: Some bacteria are pathogenic to plants or animals
All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:
1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesizing cell mass:
    autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2)
    heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds
    mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide
2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions:
    lithotrophic– reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds
    organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds
3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing:
    chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds
    phototrophic – energy is obtained from light
In practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows:
    chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. ie: Nitrifying bacteria
    photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds.
For example: Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs. Cyanobacteria split water, H2O, molecules and use the electrons to reduce carbon in photosynthesis. Water is the electron donor.  However, Chlorobiaceae and Chromatiaceae are also photosynthetic autotrophs, but they use hydrogen sulfide H2S as the electron donor, orreducing equivalent donor.
    chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2).
    chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions by breaking apart organic compounds (made by photoautotrophs). Examples: most bacteria, e. g.Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria
    photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples:Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas,Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus,Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)
For this SLP assignment, you will continue to analyze the paper by Urakawa et al. (2012) by considering the characteristics that allow us to classify the prokaryotic organisms in this study as belonging to different Domains. You will use the website
UC Berkeley's virtual exhibit hall and resource on taxonomy and phylogeny, to complete this assignment.
SLP Assignment
Review your definitions of Archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria from Module 1

    What general characteristics determine whether a prokaryote belongs to the Archaea or Bacteria domain?
    Define DNA and RNA. What role do DNA and RNA play in this determination?
    What role does the metabolism play in classifying Nitrosococcus oceani and Nitrosopumilus maritimus as Archaea or Bacteria?
    Do either of these organisms normally thrive in an environment where crude oil is abundant?  What other microbes live in this type of environment?