hello.i need the essay about Enzymes. my teacher gave to me the essay structure, please follow the structure for writing. please dont write professional essay, i need simple, using your own words work. a few times i got problems on your site because i got very professional essay, thats good but not for me, because not my level, my teacher should believe this is my work. please dont forget this, i dont want to get trouble and also no time to wait when you rewrite it. also im going to attach to order citations and references, please check that paper before you start write. my teacher posted that. also im going to attach enzymes lab and quiz, all answers there is correct, teacher already checked it, you can get get the lab report answers from there, and if you want you can use some information from quiz. teacher is very difficult person please try to follow her instructions. if you have any question please message me anytime. thanks.

Enzyme lab checklist

Introduction:

          General knowledge of enzymes

           What is an enzyme?

           What does an enzyme do? Activation energy, substrate, etc.

           How is the shape of an enzyme determined?

           What specific enzyme did we use in the lab?

           What does this enzyme do? What is the equation for hydrogen      peroxide decomposition?

          What affects an enzyme’s ability as a catalyst?

           How does temperature and pH affect the activity of the enzyme?   

          make a prediction for change in activity at different temperatures.

          prediction is clear and not vague

          support your predictions. Why do you predict a change in activity at different temperatures?

Write it in a way that makes sense and flows well!!!

          General things about introduction

          Find something about enzymes not discussed in our lab or lecture books.

          Don’t put actual data in introduction

          good writing.

                    complete/ easy to understand sentences

                     good paragraph transitions

                    no redundant information

                    no separate subheading for predictions

          Need to have citations in introduction

          correct citations

          comments:

Procedure:

          can complete experiment from your procedure. Your procedure is complete.

          sentences are clear and well written.

           Do not put actual data in procedure.

          Comments:

Data:

          Neat table for  temperature/foam height

          label measurements. Did you measure the height in centimeters, inches, what? What was temperature measured in?

          don’t discuss data in data section, just present data

          Comments:

Conclusion:

          Was your prediction supported?

          when you discussed whether your prediction was supported you did not tell the reader what the prediction was. Usually predictions are restated in the conclusion.

_____         Explain how the data supported you predictions. Why was the zero Celsius foam height so low? Why was the boiling foam reading so low? Why do you think the room temperature reading gave the highest reading?

_____When you  discuss actual data, don’t overdo it by simply restating the data, only use the data that is important in supporting or refuting your predictions. For instance you can say the zero Celsius reading was very small. The reader can look for the exact reading, if they feel like it, in  your data.

          discuss sources of error

                    Does some of the data that refute your prediction seem                                       ridiculous and unexpected?

                    what could have happened in lab that could have messed up the                         experiment?

                    don’t just give me a source of error, explain how it could have messed up the data. For example, how could putting to much liver one test tube affect the data? How could not keeping the test tubes in the water baths long enough affect the data? Would you expect a higher or lower bubble measurement?

          need closing paragraph that sums up what was learned  about enzymes, their activity, and their importance.

          Comments:

Reference page:

          need a reference page

          not correctly done

In general about the lab report:

          don’t use I did, she did. Use third person only.

          sloppy in general

          very poor English/ comprehension

Proteins

Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called amino acids. There are many functions of proteins. Some are used for structure (hair), some are used for motion (muscle) and some are used for transporting other molecules, and others for speeding up chemical reactions, acting as signals, and used in defense.

​Enzymes are a very important type of protein. They are responsible for our bodies metabolism. Metabolism means chemical reactions that occur in our body. An enzyme is a catalyst; a molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions make or break molecules and require a good deal of energy to occur (called activation energy). Most cells aren’t hot enough for these reactions to occur spontaneously (We use Bunsen burners to create reactions in a chemistry lab). The  enzyme brings the reactants together in a way that lowers this activation energy allowing the reaction to occur . The enzyme will bind to the molecules and  put them under some kind of stress that makes it easier for bonds to break and start a reaction.

​Each enzyme has a particular shape that has caves that fit particular reactants (called substrates). This ‘cave’ is the  enzyme’s active site(s) and when a substrate lands on this site, it  causes an induced fit due to  a slight change in the enzyme shape making the fit snug. The reaction occurs, making or breaking molecules, and the product(s) are released. The enzyme goes back to its original shape and is free to bind with more substrates . Enzymes names end in  -ase. The enzyme that breaks down sucrose is called sucrase.

​Certain  molecules inhibit enzymes by two ways :

1. A molecule called an inhibitor can actually bind to the active site preventing substrates to bind.

2. Other inhibitors can bind elsewhere causing a change in the active sites shape, rendering the enzyme useless.

Most of the time this is reversible  allowing these inhibitors to  regulate metabolism..  Sometimes it is the product that is the inhibitor so if too much is made, it can shut down its own production. This is called feedback regulation. Sometimes pesticides and other poisons can act as inhibitors. Malathion  inhibits an enzyme important to an insects  nervous system. Antibiotics inhibit many enzymes in bacteria. Penicillin  prevents an enzyme used to create cell walls in bacteria. Fortunately  we don’t have this enzyme.

Enzyme lab

A protein’s three dimensional shape is imperative to its functioning. Changes in temperature or  pH can disrupt  the proteins shape, by breaking hydrogen bonds between the side groups, causing denaturation. Once a protein is denatured it loses its function.

            Enzymes are a very important type of protein. They are responsible for our body’s metabolism. Metabolism means making or breaking of molecules. In other words, all the chemical reactions that occur in our body. An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions make or break molecules and require a good deal of energy to occur (called activation energy). Most cells aren’t hot enough for these reactions to occur spontaneously (We use Bunsen burners to create reactions in a chemistry lab). The  enzyme brings the reactants together in a way that lowers the activation energy allowing the reaction to occur .

The enzyme will bind to the molecules and  put them under stress that makes it easier for bonds to break and start a reaction. Each enzyme has a particular shape that has caves that fit particular reactants (called substrates). This ‘cave’ is the  enzyme’s active site(s). The reaction occurs, making or breaking molecules, and the product(s) are released. The enzyme goes back to its original shape and is free to bind with more substrates. It is never destroyed in a reaction.

Catalase is a specific enzyme used in your cells to deactivate hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is a by-product of various chemical reactions in the body. It is as dangerous as oxygen, capable of ripping apart other molecules, capable of destroying life. This enzyme takes the hydrogen peroxide substrate and makes two products, water and oxygen gas.

2H₂O₂                                         O₂ +2H₂O

Why do we use hydrogen peroxide in our wounds? To kill bacteria .What do you think bacteria are lacking in their cells? Catalase!

Today we will look at how temperature affects an enzymes ability to work.. I call this the goldilocks complex. We would expect there to be a change in activity according to temperature. Too cold and there isn’t enough energy. Too hot and there is so much it denatures the protein. Enzymes like the temperature just right. Our enzymes in our body like it around 98.6 F. Above 105 and denaturation occurs. That is death  since no chemical reactions can happen in your body.

Procedure:

Each group will be assigned a temperature of either zero degrees, room temperature, 70C, or boiling.

1. Take one test tube, put 2 centimeters of water in it and two drops of catalase (beef liver).
2. Take the other test tube and put 2 centimeters of hydrogen peroxide in it.
3. Place at temperature for fourteen minutes.
4. Pour peroxide into enzyme tube.

After 30 seconds, measure only the foam height in centimeters. Record.

Lab record:

Enzyme Lab Home work ( all answers is correct and colored yellow)

1 What is an enzyme? – biological catalyst that speed up a chemical reaction.

2 What determines an enzymes shape? – amino acid sequence.

3. Enzymes speed up/ slow down a chemical reaction by

increasing / decreasing activation energy.

4 A. How does high temperatures make an enzyme useless?

high temperature denature enzyme by affecting their shape – his makes the enzyme useless.

B. What then happens to its interaction with the substrate?

It cant fit with the substrate in the active site.

5. A. What was the  enzyme we worked with in lab? Catalase (beef liver)

      B. What specifically does this enzyme do?

Breaks down the hydrogen peroxide.

6. How could bacteria evolve to not be killed  by hydrogen peroxide?

Catalase convert the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

7. A. What did you see happen in some of the test tubes?

Foaming

     B. What is the   product of the reaction that made this?

Oxygen gas

8. True or false. The tubes boiled for seven minutes had a huge chemical reaction when combined.

9.Putting too much hydrogen peroxide in the test tube would raise/lower the foam height at Room temperature.

10. True or false. An enzyme is altered in the chemical reaction.

11. The hydrogen peroxide is the product/substrate and the oxygen is the product/substrate.

12. According to the goldilocks complex why is room temperature just right?

Because too low not enough energy, too high –denature.

13. True or false. If an enzyme loses its shape (denatures) it keeps on functioning just fine.

14. What can extreme pH or extreme temperature do to a protein?

Denaturation (changing the structure of protein).

15. Compare substrate and product.

Substrate is molecula the enzyme acts on (starting material in chem reaction)

Product is what is created from the substrate (material resulting from chemical reaction).

16. When a  substrate lands on the enzyme’s active site the enzyme’s shape changes to make a more loose/snug fit on it. This stresses out the covalent/hydrogen bonds making a chemical reaction easier.

17. The ‘cave’ that fits the substrate is called the enzyme’s active site

18. True or false. Enzymes are destroyed in a reaction and never can be used again.

19. True or false. An inhibitor molecule can prevent substrate binding by landing on another area of the enzyme, causing distortion of the cave site.

20. Antibiotics work through use of an inhibitor that prevents a certain enzyme in the bacteria from working.

21. How does ibuprofen work?

Inhibits an enzyme that a ‘ pain’ molecule.