Biodiversity Protection and Conservation

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Introduction      
Biodiversity protection and conservation have been a goal of many countries all over the world, leading to the formation and implementation of different policies. This goal does not only pertain to agricultural lands, tropical rain forests, or temperate grasslands but also include the oceans and various bodies of water, hence the marine policies. Primarily, these policies are made for the benefit of the environment and its inhabitants, but the implementation of these poses challenges to the communities involved. "Marine Policy Overview" by Hoagland and Tesco, "Policy Implications in the Management of Kenya's Marine Protected Areas" by Weru, and "Social impacts of marine protected areas in South Africa on coastal fishing communities" by Sowman and Sunde are some reading materials that contains information regarding activities affecting ocean conditions, different marine policies, and socioeconomic effects of these to its own people.
      In the article of Hoagland and Tesco regarding marine policy, the emergence of this field, the involvement of different sciences, and various analytical strategies were explained in detail, emphasizing the cause and effect relationship of the policies to the environment and its inhabitants. The article of Weru tackled the procedure involving the marine protected areas of Kenya and its ecological and socioeconomic effects, and also the things that can be improved on for further betterment of the policies for its marine life and community. Lastly, in the article by Sowman and Sunde, it mainly discussed the establishment of marine protected areas in South Africa, its effects, and how factors like unresolved injustice make the implementation of policies difficult for the management and the communities involved. Generally, these articles discuss how human activities impose the need of the government to make policies, like the designation of the marine protected area to preserve the seas, and in turn, how these policies affect the socioeconomic status of the community.
 
Ocean Activities Imposing Need for Policies
Bodies of water are used in different ways to sustain and improve life, but there are human activities which need to be regulated by policies for the protection of the environment. Fishing both for commercial and recreational purposes poses a risk in overharvesting endangering the ecological balance and diversity of the marine species. Aside from that, marine transportation also enabled human beings to be able to traverse the vast oceans for traveling and cargo deliveries, making it more susceptible to issues regarding oil spills, damage to the ecosystems, marine debris, and unwanted interaction with protected species (Haogland, & Ticco, 2010). As technological advancements continue for the improvement of human quality life, it also increased the possibilities of activities, including coastal development, gathering of various types minerals, and strengthening the defenses, which also puts the oceans at risk due to pollution and destruction of virgin marine life, just like the activities above. On a smaller scale, in rural communitie...