Basic Chemical Terminology Essay

Basic Biology
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Basic Biology
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. The body is made up of billions of cells. The cells are self-making, that is, new cells are made from existing cells through cell division. It is through cell division that the cells increase and thus the body grows. The cell is the source of properties of life such as reproduction, metabolism and use of energy. Cells are divided into two; prokaryotic and prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells do not have a prominent nucleus as well as chromosomal proteins (Russell, Hertz, & McMillan, 2016). The nucleus is not prominent since it lacks a nuclear membrane. An example is a bacterial cell. Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, contain a nuclear membrane, prominent nucleus alongside many other cell organelles. An example is a human cell.
A eukaryotic cell is made up of the following cell organelles; nucleus, chromosomes, cytoplasmic organelles and cell membrane. The nucleus is the major control center of the cell where the DNA is located. The DNA is contained within the chromosomes. DNA replication and transcription occurs in the nucleus (Russell, Hertz, & McMillan, 2016). The DNA is transcribed into the mRNA, and the mRNA is translated into body proteins within the ribosomes. Ribosomes are organelles that play a role in protein assembling. Cytoplasmic organelles are the compartmentalized structures within the cell that perform specialized functions. They include Golgi apparatus, lysosome, Endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. Golgi apparatus is made up of folded sacs and is responsible for the packaging of materials around the cell. Lysosomes are responsible for destroying any worn out organelle in the body. The endoplasmic reticulum is made up of two; smooth endoplasmic reticulum which does not have ribosomes and its major function is the synthesis of lipids, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum which contains the ribosomes and its function is to hold the ribosomes as they carry out the protein synthesis (Russell, Hertz, & McMillan, 2016). Mitochondria are the source of energy for the cell and carry out respiration while ribosomes make the proteins. The cell membrane is the semi-permeable membrane that encloses the entire cell. It is semi-permeable so that it can allow materials in and out of the cell.
Some cell organelles are found in plants only such as the chloroplast. The chloroplast is responsible for carrying out photosynthesis in plants.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process through which plants and other organisms that contain chlorophyll trap the energy from the sun combine with carbon (IV) oxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that is responsible for trapping and converting the sunlight into chemical energy (Russell, Hertz, & McMillan, 2016). Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast.
Sunlight
Carbon (IV) oxide + water glucose +oxygen
Chlorophyll
Photosynthesis occurs in two phases. The first phase is known as the light-dependent stage while the second phase is called the light-independent stage. In light dependent stage, takes place in the grana. This stage makes the energy that is used ...