Timeline for the History of Public Health and Epidemiology

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Introduction
Research has been geared towards preventing and limiting the spread of diseases. Through establishing timelines of various epidemiology and public health factors, one is able to see the progression and the toil towards achieving a healthier environment. The 20th and the 21st century has recorded a change in industrialization, technology, and urbanization that has brought about different characterization of classes, new cases of infection and diseases, and progression and changes of old diseases like avian influence and drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis (Schoenbach& Rosamond, 2000). The public health has diminished due to the innovative changes present in the environment that has brought about infectious diseases. During this period, the fields in molecular and genetic epidemiology were established. However, infectious diseases challenged epidemiologists as new infectious diseases like the Ebola virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome sprouted and changed (EGRP, 2015). With the occurrence of terrorist attacks, epidemiologists had to consider identifying new ways of transmission of infectious organisms through biologic warfare, bioterrorism and natural transmission. This paper will look at the timeline from 1989 to date, to establish the history in public health and epidemiology (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2016).
1989-1999
In 1989, the Gail model was officially used to calculate the risk of breast cancer in women. Dr Mitchell Gail developed an algorithm as a statistical breast cancer risk assessment method. It considered the personal medical history, reproductive and family history of the woman, specifically looking into previous biopsies of atypical hyperplasia. It adjusted other variables like the beginning of menstruation and the age at the first live birth of a child according to age groups. It however did not consider race, ethnicity, usage of tamoxifen, and BRCA genetic variants and it did not involve women already diagnosed with lobular and ductal breast carcinoma (Choi, 2013).
That same year, the United States Public Health issued guidelines to the public on strategies that would prevent them from acquiring the human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Furthermore, the United States CDC also issued guidelines for the prevention of HIV virus transmission and that of Hepatitis B to the healthcare and public safety workers since HIV/AIDS was very deadly then and needed to be handled carefully to avoid getting it (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2016;CDC, 2012).
In 1990, Li-Fraumeni and lynch syndromes were discovered as a characterization of the onset of cancer. Li-fraumeni syndrome was recognized after a review of the death certificates of about 600 patients with rhabdomyosarcoma. The syndrome had germ line mutation linkages of the p53 which is a transcription factor whose function if to regulate the cell cycle and hinder genomic mutations (Choi, 2013;CDC, 2016).
In 1992, ATBC and CARET trials depicted a relationship between dietary vitamins and cancer. The two revealed that pa...