Heart Failure (HF). Health, Medicine, Nursing Essay

Heart Failure (HF)
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Institutional Affiliation
Heart Failure (HF)
More than 5 million Americans and additional millions of people globally suffer from heart failure (HF) and about half of the hospitalized population have preserved ejection fraction (pEF) or (HFpEF), previously known as diastolic HF (Farris, Moussavi-Harami & Stempien-Otero, 2017). Other patients can present with reduced EF or HFrEF. Patients often present with an inability of the heart to deliver to the body sufficient blood that can meet the demands of the metabolic processes and oxygenation of organs during mild exercise or at rest (Buglioni & Burnett, 2015). However, regardless of the etiology of the disease, patients tend to suffer similar signs and symptoms such as the accumulation of fluid, exercise intolerance, and high rates of mortality. Therefore, it is important to understand the pathological mechanisms of heart failure with emphasis on the hemodynamic interactions and complex pattern of inflammatory, neurohumoral, and metabolic functions and clinical manifestations of d...