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3 pages/≈825 words
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Health, Medicine, Nursing
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English (U.S.)
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Topic:

CASE MOD 3 MHS 506 Bio/Odds Ratio, Relative Risk, and ANOVA

Essay Instructions:

Module 3 - Case
ODDS RATIO, RELATIVE RISK, AND ANOVA
Case Assignment
Using the materials in the module homepage and in the background section, please address the following:
Define and describe each of the measures of association: OR, RR, ANOVA, and Correlations. (1 page)
Provide an example of a study that uses each of the six types of analyses (OR, RR, ANOVA, correlations, chi-square, t-tests). (1- to 2-pages)
How are OR and RR different? What types of studies use OR versus RR? (1 page)
Assignment Expectations
Length: Case Assignment should be at least 3 pages (750 words) in length.
References: At least two references from academic sources must be included (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles). You may use any required readings from this module for your two references. Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper (since the focus of these assignments is critical thinking). Use your own words and build on the ideas of others. When material is copied verbatim from external sources, it MUST be enclosed in quotes. The references should be cited within the text and listed at the end of the assignment in the References section (APA formatting recommended).
Organization: Subheadings should be used to organize your paper according to each question.
Format: APA formatting is recommended for this assignment. See Syllabus page for more information on APA formatting.
Grammar and Spelling: While no points are deducted for minor errors, assignments are expected to adhere to standards guidelines of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and syntax. Points may be deducted if grammar and spelling impact clarity.
Your assignment will not be graded until you have submitted an Originality Report with a Similarity Index (SI) score <20% (excluding direct quotes, quoted assignment instructions, and references). Papers not meeting this requirement by the end of the session will receive a score of 0 (grade of F). Do keep in mind that papers with a lower SI score may be returned for revisions. For example, if one paragraph accounting for only 10% of a paper is cut and pasted, the paper could be returned for revision, despite the low SI score. Please use the report and your SI score as a guide to improve the originality of your work.
The following items will be assessed in particular:
Achievement of learning outcomes for Case Assignment.
Relevance: all content is connected to the question.
Precision: specific question is addressed; statements, facts, and statistics are specific and accurate.
Depth of discussion: points that lead to deeper issues are presented and integrated.
Breadth: multiple perspectives, references, and issues/factors considered.
Evidence: points are well supported with facts, statistics, and references.
Logic: presented discussion makes sense; conclusions are logically supported by premises, statements, or factual information.
Clarity: writing is concise, understandable, and contains sufficient detail or examples.
Objectivity: use of first person and subjective bias are avoided

Essay Sample Content Preview:

CASE MOD 3 MHS 506 Bio/Odds Ratio, Relative Risk, and ANOVA
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Measures of association
Odds refer to the probability of success to that of failure, and the Odds Ratio (OR) determine the extent to which subjects exposed certain risk factor(s) experience an outcome (Daniel, & Cross, 2013). There is an assumption that the outcome is rare, and in most cases the outcome is the likelihood of contracting/ acquiring a disease after exposure to the risk factor/ independent variable (Daniel, & Cross, 2013).
The Relative Risk (RR) is the proportion of developing a disease for subjects exposed to a risk factor compared the risk of developing for those not exposed/ without the risk factor. This measure requires one to identify the risk factor and dependent variable that are then placed in the 2 x 2 contingency table (Daniel, & Cross, 2013). When the relative risk is greater than 1, this indicates that the exposed group is more likely to contact the disease and vice versa.
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a technique where the total variations of a sample data are partitioned into two or more components to determine the sources of variations and how each affects the total variation (Daniel, & Cross, 2013). Besides determining variability in data, ANOVA helps in calculating the F-statistic.
Correlations are the techniques that help in establishing the magnitude of a relationship between data variables. Similar to regression, under correlation analysis the dependent variable (y) and the independent variables (x) are identified to determine their association. When sampling and analyzing data it is assumed that it is normally distributed (Daniel, & Cross, 2013).
Study using different types of analyses
A study looking at the association between smoking and lung cancer is appropriate for using the OR, RR, ANOVA, correlations, chi-square, and t-test analysis. Considering the lung cancer rates for smokers and non smokers, the age of the subjects and the gender allows one to determine the odds ratio adjusted for age and the relative risk of developing cancer. If the relative risk is high comparing the smoker versus the non smoker group, this indicates the likelihood that smoking increases the risk of lung cancer developing and worsening the condition for those who have smoked longer.
Smoking intensity among the smokers linked to lung cancer incidence rates of show the likelihood of a relationship between the two factors (Guo, Tosun, & Horn, 2010). The ANOVA measure is used to determine whether there is a relationship between smoking intensity and progression of lung cancer ANOVA and the t-test are applicable when comparing the differences in group means for smoking status (smokers and nonsmokers) d...
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