505-D5 How Types Of Epidemiological Studies Impact Knowledge Of Diagnosis, Prognosis Or Clinical Treatment

505-d5
 Analyzing specific examples in the text from Chapters, 7, 8 and 9. Explain how types of epidemiological studies impact knowledge of diagnosis, prognosis or clinical treatment. Be sure to use vocabulary that demonstrate your understanding of epidemiological terms.1 page APA format, 6th edition. 3 references.
Chap7: PronogsisPrognosis is the prediction of the course of disease following its onset. This chapter reviews the ways in which the course of disease can be described. The intention is to give readers a better understanding of a difficult but indispensable task—predicting patients’ futures as closely as possible. The objective is to avoid expressing prognoses with vagueness when unnecessary and with certainty when misleading. Doctors and patients want to know the general course of the illness, but they want to go further and tailor this information to their particular situation as much as possible. For example, even though ovarian cancer is usually fatal in the long run, women with this cancer may live from a few months to many years, and they want to know where on this continuum their particular case is likely to fall. Studies of prognosis are similar to cohort studies of risk. Patients are assembled who have a particular disease or illness in common, they are followed forward in time, and clinical outcomes are measured. Patient characteristics that are associated with an outcome of the disease, called prognostic factors, are identified. Prognostic factors are analogous to risk factors, except that they represent a different part of the disease spectrum, from disease to outcomes. Case-control studies of people with the disease who do and do not have a bad outcome can also estimate the relative risk associated with various prognostic factors, but they are unable to provide information on outcome rates (see Chapter 6).