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APA
Subject:
Communications & Media
Type:
Essay
Language:
English (U.S.)
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Topic:

Concepts of Writing

Essay Instructions:

Following the instructions found on page 2 of this document, answer the following 2 questions in
your own words:
1. Choose one of the author groups listed below this question (group A or B) and explain in
detail the dialogue, explicit or implicit, that takes place between the two authors’ texts.
Drawing on our discussions of course readings, explain:
• how the second (later) author uses the theories of the first as a basis (or jumping
off point) for her/his own theories
• key connections: what concepts (plural) are shared between these authors’ texts
• key differences: what distinguishes the writing of the later author from that of the
earlier author? what ideas (plural), ways of thinking, approaches, appear in the
later author’s writings that did not in the earlier author’s writings? how does the
second author take things in a new direction?
Choices:
A) Greenberg (1960) and Fried (1966, 1967)
B) Krauss (1972, 1974) and Owens (1980, 1983)
2. Choose one of the author response options listed below (A or B) and explain how the
author responds, explicitly or implicitly, to the discourse in question. Drawing on our
discussions of course readings, explain:
• how the author uses the theories of the discourse in question as a basis (or
jumping off point) for her/his own theories
• key connections: what ideas (plural) does the author share with the discourse in
question
• key differences: what distinguishes the author’s thinking from how the discourse
in question thinks about art? what ideas (plural), ways of thinking, approaches,
appear in the author’s writings that did not in the discourse in question? how
does the author take things in a new direction?
• how does the author place the discourse in question in a certain light (i.e. does
the author confirm the ideas of the discourse or condemn them—or both; does
the author support the ideas of the discourse or work to undermine them—or
both?)
Choices:
A) Krauss’s (1972, 1974) response to Modernist discourse (represented in
the writings of Greenberg and Fried)
B) Katz’s (1995) response to the Postmodernist discourse (represented in
the writings of Krauss and Owens)
2
Instructions:
Be sure to write two essays of 2.5-3 pages each (excluding quotations), double spaced. If you
find you cannot answer these questions in 6 pages total, a 7th page is allowed.
Start each response (essay) with a clearly articulated thesis (i.e. a statement clearly
explaining the argument you will be making in the essay). Explain your ideas clearly and in
detail throughout the essay, again, making substantive references to the critical texts and works
of art that illustrate your points.
In your responses (essays) present and interpret at least 3 relevant quotations from the
writing(s) of each author / “discourse” (6 quotations total for each essay), and root each
response (essay) in clear analysis/interpretation of at least 3 relevant works of art we have
studied.
That is, if you choose 1A: select three relevant quotations from Greenberg and three
relevant quotations from Fried (6 total). If you choose 1B: select three relevant quotations
from Krauss and three relevant quotations from Owens (6 total). Likewise, if you choose
2A: select three relevant quotations from Krauss and three relevant quotations from the
modernist discourse (Greenberg and/or Fried) (6 total). If you choose 2B: select three
relevant quotations from Katz and three relevant quotations from the postmodernist
discourse (Krauss and/or Owens) (6 total). By the end of your test, which again, consists
of two essays, you should have presented 12 quotations total.
**Again, quotations do not count toward the total required page length (i.e. if your
paper is, say, 8 or 9 pages including the quotations, at least 5-6 of those pages must
collectively be made up of your writing).**
To be clear, you are not being asked to print quotations on a separate page, but,
rather, just to be sure that your paper reflects 5-6 full pages total of your text.
Separate your responses and label each with the appropriate number heading (1a or 1b; 2a or 2b).
5-6 pages; double spaced; Times New Roman; 12 pt. font; one inch margins.
Do not reproduce the prompt (questions) in your paper. Do not use space in your paper for
anything but text (no images; no footnotes; no works cited section; no bibliography; no excessive
spacing).
Proper parenthetical documentation must be used in the paper where presenting quotations or
ideas from the readings -- e.g. (Krauss, “RM,” 37). See the following guide if you are unsure of
how to use parenthetical documentation. Note, however, that because you will not be including a
works cited page, you must include the abbreviated title of the essay you are citing in your
parenthetical documentation.

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Essay Sample Content Preview:

Art and Art Criticism
Student Name
Institutional Affiliation
Art and Art Criticism
Introduction
The field of art has undergone transformation in the manner in which theories are advanced. The field has also witnessed the entry of numerous artists, with some like Greenberg leaving a permanent imprint in the course of modern art. Whereas such artists like Greenberg developed theories from their original content, others like Michael Fried based their theories on existing frameworks (by Greenberg in this case). In such cases, Greenberg and Fried show similarity in their approach, but there also exists differences in their theories. Similarly, Krauss’s (1972, 1974) response to Modernist discourse (represented in the writings of Greenberg and Fried) shows how the response is similar to the theory it responds to, and the differences between the two. Overall, the field of art has partly grown due to the contribution of critics to already existing theories.
Part 1: Greenberg (1960) and Fried (1966, 1967)
How the second (later) author uses the theories of the first as a basis (or jumping off point) for her/his own theories
Friedman was raised in New York and started using watercolors and oils to paint at an early age. He would also draw cartoons for the Forest Hills High School newspaper while still a student. He first developed interest in art criticism as an undergraduate at Princeton University. During his university time, he met Walter Darby and Frank Stella, who eventually became prominent artists (Levin, 2017). Although he was interested in English and literature studies at undergraduate level, Fried was draw into the field of art and art criticism by the writings of Clement Greenberg, an art critic, namely Partisan Review and Art News. As such, Fried started critiquing art based on the same approach as he had learned from Greenberg. Fried’s theories are thus inspired by Greenberg’s. This also led to Fried becoming one of the art critics. His focus, just like that of his mentor Greenberg, was critiquing artists who criticized art out of context. His argument was that art should first be understood and then criticized within its context. He did several works concerning them, thus laying bare his opinion and principles regarding critiquing art.
Key connections: what concepts (plural) are shared between these authors’ texts
Fried remains among the most reputable and established art critics and historians in the world today. His approach to criticism is closely similar and linked with that of Greenberg, his late mentor. Fried first met Greenberg during his time at Princeton University. Just like Greenberg, Fried grew suspicious of critics and academics who focused on critiquing modern art within a certain cultural or historical context instead of examining the piece of art formally and within its context and terms (Robbins, 2018). As such, Fried is also recognized for the contribution that he was staunchly opposed to the lack of differentiation between the piece of art and the experience of viewing it; he described this phenomenon as ‘theatricity’. As such, both Greenberg and Fried were critical of art critics who critiqued art out of context. Their main argument was that ma...
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