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3 pages/≈825 words
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APA
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Social Sciences
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Coursework
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English (U.S.)
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Topic:

Modes of Subsistence: Subsistence & Political Systems

Coursework Instructions:

Citing Haviland Chapters 7, 8and 12 with page numbers, describe (define) and briefly illustrate modes of subsistence. What are the production, consumption and exchange patterns observed in the 4 subsistence types 1) foraging, 2) horticulture, 3) herding (pastoralism), and 4) agriculture? How do division of labor, property relations, and exchange and consumption patterns support either equality or stratified social systems in each subsistence type? Using Chapter 12, with page numbers, and my chapter notes, what kinds of political systems and leadership are found in these modes of production?
The chapter guides will help you organize your responses.
Write 3 pages (at least 750 words.
Directions for citing sources and for submitting your response:
The use of the words I or me is fine when referring to your own experiences and ideas. If you use an author's direct words, or almost their direct words, quotes must be used and the source (last name of author, most recent year of publication and page number from the text) must be given. For example, “Anthropology is the study of humankind in all times and places.” (Haviland 2017, 3). If re-written, mostly in your own words, you omit the quotes but DO give the author, date, and page number. When discussing a video, give the title. For a web source, give a brief address and use quotes if quoting. For example: (americananthro.org, 1/3).
SUBMIT by copy and paste into the text box . You may also submit a docx. I suggest submitting before this deadline so that you have time to fix any submit issues. It is a good idea to write a Word document on your computer and then copy and paste it into the text box for the assignment. Save a copy of ALL your written assignments on your computer!
This assignment is due by SATUR

Coursework Sample Content Preview:

MODES OF SUBSISTENCE
Name
Course
Institution
Date
Modes of Subsistence
The motivation by anthropologists to classify different cultures of the world remains an efficient effort that creates a better understanding of differences in cultures. Every culture is characterized by a unique avenue of maintaining law and order, feeding, or executing labor roles. Understanding these differences eases the exploration of cultures and their relationships. The early classification of world cultures as primitive and civilized fell short of describing the innate characteristics that defined people and their activities. This paper analyzes the contemporary classification of cultures based on modes of subsistence. The analysis of the four subsistence classes, foraging, horticulture, herding, and agriculture, is vital in understanding the contemporary basis of ethnographic classification with emphasis put on vital elements of cultural differences including political structures, division of labor, consumption patterns, and property relations.
Subsistence
Subsistence implies life support. In cultural classifications, subsistence implies strategies that different individuals employ to support their lives amidst scarcity and challenges. Different geographical locations and cultural areas employ varying strategies to support their lives. Using subsistence, it is possible to understand more prospects of different cultures, including consumption, sharing, labor, and political systems.
Foraging
Foraging is a mode of subsistence that is closely linked to the living styles of people before advancements in technology and modes of consumption. Foragers gather food from undomesticated animals and uncultivated plants. Hunting and gathering is their principal avenue of subsistence (Haviland 2017, 5). For foraging to succeed, individuals must have unlimited access to undomesticated animals and uncultivated plants. The fact that such plants and animals do not exist in singular places for long means that foragers barely stay in singular positions for long durations of time. They manifest a nomadic lifestyle.
Foragers manifest a unique mode of consumption and division of labor. Bearing their small sizes and constant movements, people in the same foraging group maintain bonds and share equally whatever they gather with each other (Haviland 2017, 6). Notably, labor is majorly divided according to gender. Women execute roles at home such as cooking, looking after children, and cleaning while men hunt in long distant places. Their subsistence strategy can only support small groups of people.
Foragers also manifest adherence to band-level political organizations. No matter the size of a family, there is a need for law and order. Among foragers, the smaller units also constitute smaller political systems called bands. Bands lack formal leadership, even though they have headmen who act ceremoniously as their leaders. It is the band leaders who are accorded the authority to foresee the administration of law and order within their bands. The leadership of the bands can rotate from a family to the next.
Pastoralism
Pastoralism mirrors foraging with a few notable differences. Pastoralists domesticate animals and compliment their subsistence wi...
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