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Astronomy test. Unit 2 Test: Light, the Sun, and Other Stars

Coursework Instructions:

Name:___________________________ Block:___ Date:___/___/___
Unit 2 Test: Light, the Sun, and Other Stars
1) Below is a diagram of the Earth’s path around the Sun. On the diagram draw the position of the Earth when the Northern Hemisphere is at each of the following points. Make sure to include the tilt of the Earth (use an axis line) at EACH of the following positions: (5 points)
a) winter solstice
b) spring equinox
c) summer solstice
d) autumnal equinox
  
2) What is special about the spring and autumnal equinoxes (why do we have a special term for those dates)? (2 points)
3) What is special about the winter and summer solstices (why do we have a special term for those dates)?(2 points)
4) In general, the light the sun emits is mostly white light, even though white isn’t really a “color”. What is white light? (2 points)
5) Below is a top-down diagram of the moon’s positions in its orbit around the Earth. 
a) Draw what the moon would look like from earth in position #2 (1 point)
 b) What is the name of the phase you drew? (1 point) _______________________________________
c) Draw what the moon would look like from earth in position #6 (1 point) 
d) What is the name of the phase you drew? (1 point) _______________________________________
e) Draw what the moon would look like from earth in position #7 (1 point)
 f) What is the name of the phase you drew? (1 point) _______________________________________
g) We can see the moon because the surface of the moon  ___________________ sunlight.(pick one: absorbs, refracts, reflects, emits) (1 point)
6) a) In your own words, what is nuclear fusion? (2 points)
b) What is the product of hydrogen atoms fusing? (1 point)
c) The size of a star is determined by the equilibrium between ___________________ pushing the star out and 
_________________________ pulling the star in. (2 points)
7)  a) Draw where our Sun would be on the diagram with a “star” shape. (1 point)b) Draw where a very massive star in its main sequence would be on the diagram using a circle. (1 point)c) Draw where a small star would be in its main sequence on the diagram using a triangle. (1 point)
d) According to the diagram above, what is the relationship between temperature and luminosity? (1 point)
e) Identify how massive stars compare to small mass stars in each of the following ways: (4 points)
Massive star Small mass starLuminosity Temperature Color Lifespan
f) What causes giant and supergiant stars? What is going on in a star’s life that makes giant and supergiant stars to be out of main sequence? (2 points)
8) Match each term to its definition: (6 points)
White dwarf _____ a) The final remnants of a small mass star after all of the energy has been     emitted.
Brown dwarf _____ b) The result of a relative massive star (8-20 times the mass of our Sun)     dying and going supernova.
Black dwarf _____ c) The result of a very massive star (20-100 times the mass of our Sun)     dying and going supernova.
Protostar _____ d) The result of a medium to small mass star (.077-8 times the mass of       our Sun) dying in the middle of the planetary nebula.
Neutron star _____ e) The very beginning of star formation; a pre-star.
Black hole _____ f) A failed “star” that never got going with nuclear fusion.
9) NASA lets you take control of the Hubble telescope for a bit and while using it to take pictures you notice a new planet far away that no one else has discovered before! You evaluate the pictures and using absorption spectra, you come to the conclusion that the planet’s atmosphere is mostly hydrogen, but something looks funky about the absorption spectra. In the diagram below, the top spectrum is the picture you took from the planet’s atmosphere and the bottom spectrum is the reference absorption spectrum for hydrogen.   V            I             B              G                Y     O       Ra) What is different between the spectra and what is this effect called? (2 points)
b) What does this phenomenon tell you about the movement of the planet relative to earth? (2 points)

Coursework Sample Content Preview:
Name:___________________________Block:___Date:___/___/___
Unit 2 Test: Light, the Sun, and Other Stars
1) Below is a diagram of the Earth’s path around the Sun. On the diagram draw the position of the Earth when the Northern Hemisphere is at each of the following points. Make sure to include the tilt of the Earth (use an axis line) at EACH of the following positions: (5 points)
* winter solstice
* spring equinox
* summer solstice
* autumnal equinox
4493098189407Spring equinox0Spring equinox16110541850051Autumnal equinox00Autumnal equinox48143341019825Winter Solstice0Winter Solstice684028980928Summer Solstice0Summer Solstice
Note: The red line shows the tilt of the earth (23.5° from the vertical axis). This tilting is very important because it is the reason why different seasons occur within the North and South Hemispheric regions of the world.
2) What is special about the spring and autumnal equinoxes (why do we have a special term for those dates)? (2 points)
The spring equinox denotes the date when the earth’s North Pole starts to tilt towards the sun (usually March 22 or nearer), while autumnal equinox refers to the date when North Pole starts to tilt away from the sun (approximately September 22 of the year). However, these phenomena do not happen at the same date of each year. This is because the Earth revolves at around 365.25 days and not exactly 365 days. This is also the reason why there are leap years so as to maintain the dates of the seasons as they are. Also, spring equinox is the day when the season of spring will start while the autumnal equinox marks the start of fall. These are in reference to the Northern Hemisphere and they are opposite in the Southern Hemisphere. Both equinoxes will have equal lengths of day and night and each equinox happens once in an annual year. This equal lengths of days and nights for the equinoxes is because the sun is exactly above the Earth’s equator.
3) What is special about the winter and summer solstices (why do we have a special term for those dates)?
(2 points)
The solstices determines whether the day has the shortest or the longest day of a particular annual year. Winter solstice which happens around December 21-22 is considered to have the shortest day (longer nights) whereas the summer solstice which occurs around June 20-21 is considered the longest day of the year (shorter nights). These descriptions are in reference to the Northern Hemisphere. These characteristics are the opposite in the Southern Hemisphere.
4) In general, the light the sun emits is mostly white light, even though white isn’t really a “color”. What is white light? (2 points)
A white light comprises all of the colors that is found in a visible spectrum. It means that all the colors found in the rainbow are found in one specific focus, producing the white light. The colors found in a visible spectrum that comprise the white light include violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red. If this white light is being passed through a particular prism, the different colors will be separated and will then be perceived as a “rainbow”.
5) Below is a top-down diagram of the moon’s positions in its orbit around the Earth.<...
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