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NTR5206 Research Assignment Paper: Vitamin D Nutrition

Coursework Instructions:

African Americans have lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D con- centrations and a lower risk of fragility fractures than do other populations. I review the evidence on factors other than vitamin D that might explain this paradox and the calcium economy in different life stages. Researchers are actively trying to explain this genetically programmed advantage. Factors that could pro- tect African Americans against fracture include their higher peak bone mass, increased obesity rates, greater muscle mass, lower bone turnover rates, and advantageous femur geometry. In addi- tion, bone histomorphometry in young adults shows longer peri- ods of bone formation. Although African Americans fall as fre- quently as do whites, the direction of their falls and their manner of breaking falls could protect them from fractures. African American girls accrue more calcium than do white girls during adolescence as the result of increased calcium absorption and superior renal calcium conservation. In adulthood, higher para- thyroid hormone concentrations do not result in increased bone loss in African Americans because of their skeletal resistance to parathyroid hormone, and their superior renal conservation of calcium persists. These advantages diminish in the elderly, in whom further increases in parathyroid hormone result in in- creased bone turnover and bone loss. Ultimately, I explain the paradox by multiple factors associated with fracture risk and calcium economy in African Americans. Despite African Amer- icans’ reduced risk of osteoporotic fractures, such fractures re- main an important public health problem for this population that vitamin D intervention studies have not addressed. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(suppl):545S–50S.

 

Coursework Sample Content Preview:

Vitamin D- Nutrition
Name
Institution
Date
Article- Aloia, John. F. (2008). African Americans, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and osteoporosis: a paradox. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 88(2), 545S-550S.
NTR5206Assignment 2Questions
(Perfect Raw Score = 20 pts)
Please type your answers after each question and submit the completed assignment in D2L.
Briefly explain the paradox the author was referring to. (1pt)
The Paradox is that African Americans have lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration levels than other people, but still have lower risk of fragility fractures, despite studies highlighting the importance of vitamin D in preventing falls and fractures.
Provide an explanation as to why African Americans have lower serum vitamin D level as compared to their Caucasian counterpart. (1pt)
One of the likely reasons why African Americans have lower serum vitamin D level unlike Caucasians is that that the melanin interferes with the absorption of ultraviolet B light form the sun, which affects the vitamin D levels in the skin.
When do the bone density advantages in African Americans begin? (1pt)
The bone density advantages of African Americans begin in early childhood, while increasing during more rapidly during adolescence
At which stage of life (after what age) does the bone loss rate in African Americans become more rapid compared to Caucasians? (1pt)
Among African Americans, bone loss accelerates than whites when they are 75 years old and above, and among African American women this trend is after menopause, indicating that old age is associated with higher bone loss.
Who will be at a higher risk of fracture? Someone whose mother had a history of fragility fractures or someone whose father had such a history? (1pt)
First degree relatives like parents with a history of fragility fractures increase the risk of fracture, but maternal history of fragility fractures is associated with higher risk of fractures compared to paternal history.
What does Darc gene encode? (1pt)
The Darc gene encodes the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines
What is the impact of this Darc gene product on osteoclasts? (1pt)
The Darc gene increases osteoclast formation and susceptibility to osteoporosis.
Knowing the aforementioned impact on osteoclasts, what effects on bone turnover would you expect in individu...
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