Animals' Genetic Mutation, Anatomical, and Physiological Adaptations

Complete the question on the attachment

Name:___________________________________

1. A genetic mutation causes production of nonfunctional Fibrillin-1 proteins, which create and maintain elastic fibers.                                                                                                                                                                                    (7)
   
   
   1. Name the one vessel most in danger of damage or malfunction by this mutation, AND describe how its function and location make it so vulnerable.
   2. Name the type of heart valve most in danger of damage by this disease, and explain why, based on its structure, function and location.

1. Consider the effects of digestive hormones to answer the following questions:                                    (6)

1. Recall the mammal from the steppe in our last CL activity. You discover that it is closely related to horses. Use the table below to compare its digestive anatomy and physiology to that of a deer.                                (3)

1. Consider the O₂ saturation curves we examined in class. On the axes below, show how this dissociation curve will shift during strenuous exercise. Then, identify three changes that occur in exercising muscle tissue that promote this shift, and explain how exercising muscles differ from resting muscles.                                   (9)

1. You must design organ systems for a NEW terrestrial animal. It is a large-bodied, endurance-running predator living on a dry, cold, high plateau. Given this, use what you learned about musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems to describe the anatomical and physiological adaptations that your animal must have, and explain why each is necessary.                                                                                (12)

Imagine that you and your pet frog are in an accident that leaves small holes in your thoracic cavities. Your major organs, vessels, nerves, and bones remain intact, and there is little blood loss. Using what you know about the mechanics of respiration, explain why you are still in danger of suffocating (from lack of O₂), while your frog is not. Then, explain where, on your frog, a similar injury would cause it to suffocate.       (5)

1. 
   The following data from our class illustrates the effect of exercise on respiratory rate (RR).                             (8)

1. Describe what effect, if any, exercise seems to have on respiratory rate.

1. Explain two physiological mechanisms responsible for producing this change: Consider receptors in the cardiovascular system, and the effects of exercise on blood concentrations of (a) CO₂, and (b) metabolic byproducts; answer in terms of signal, receptor, and response.

1. The exercise we performed to produce this change was moderate. Predict how you expect intense exercise to affect respiratory rate by extending the x-axis, above, and plotting hypothetical data for a second treatment group: call it RR Post Intense Exercise

1. Use this trace of action potentials, produced by a cardiomyocyte, to answer the following questions.         (6)

1. Is this a trace from a contractile cell or a pacemaker cell? Circle one.


2. The type of channel responsible for causing the plateau phase in this cell is _____________________.


3. Imagine that a toxin caused L-type Ca²⁺ channels to remain open twice as long as usual. On the axes above, draw another trace of action potentials, showing the changes you expect to see in frequency or amplitude AND describe the effect this change will have on heart rate.