References Literature & Language Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography
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Annotated Bibliography
Backhaus, T., & Grimme, L. H. (1999). The toxicity of antibiotic agents to the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Chemosphere, 38(14), 3291-3301.
The authors, a professor of Ecotoxicology in the University of Gothenburg and a researcher at the University of Bremen, then working at the University of Bremen in a project sponsored by the German Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Technology assess the toxicity of several groups of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics towards Vibrio fischeri. The article acknowledges that the effects of antibiotics exposure in the environment are mostly unknown. The authors observe that antibiotics environment through various ways thus resulting in the contamination of water, where bacteria in that environment are likely to be affected. The article presents the toxicity of several drugs, reflecting the most important groups of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, towards Vibrio fischeri.
The authors used the chronic bioluminescence assay with Vibrio fischeri without any modifications as instructed by the manufacturer. The study finds that the long term bioluminescence inhibition assay with Vibrio fischeri is sensitive to antibiotics interfering with protein biosynthesis and RNA/DNA associated processes. The article concludes that this bioassay may be a valuable tool for an effects assessment and biomonitoring of these compounds since many of the high volume antibiotics used in human medicine and for veterinary purposes belong to this group. The article shed light on the high environmental risk considering the high production volumes and the widespread use of antibiotics.
Ding, C., & He, J. (2010). Effect of antibiotics in the environment on microbial populations. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 87(3), 925-941.
The authors, researchers at the Division of Environmental Science and Engineering in the National University of Singapore, discuss the factors that influence antibiotic effects on microbial communities in soil and aquatic environment, including the concentration of antibiotics, exposure time, added substrates, as well as combined effects of multiple antibiotics. The study also explores various factors that influence antibiotic effects such as their actual concentrations, extended exposure time, the addition of substrate and presence of numerous antibiotics simultaneously. The authors emphasize the effects of antibiotics on microbial communities with such effects as phylogenetic structure alteration, resistance expansion, and ecological function disturbance in the micro-ecosystem. The article recommends further investigations to provide a comprehensive risk assessment on the consequence of anthropogenic antibiotic input.
Economides, C., Liapi, M., & Makris, K. C. (2012). Antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella and Escherichia coli in the groundwater of Cyprus. Environmental geochemistry and health, 34(4), 391-397.
The authors, veterinary services researchers in the Cyprus Ministry of Agriculture and a researcher from the Cyprus University of Technology, evaluate the magnitude and variability of Salmonella and Escherichia col...