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International Security: Why Is The Middle East at The Center of International Security?

Essay Instructions:

The major essay requires students to identify a topic of interest within the four modules(International Security, International Organisations, International Political Economy, International Law) covered in the course, and write their own essay question.
The word limit for this task is 2,000 words. You will need to complete the following steps.
First, you need to clarify the purpose and topic of your paper.
The overall aim is for you to demonstrate that you can grasp and formulate an argument in relation to some of the key conceptual ideas and political debates associated with contemporary issues in IR. Show that you can use/address some of the ideas from the key paradigms in IR and critically apply them to understand an issue of your choice.
Second, we want students to formulate their own question. You need to try to make your research question as evaluative as possible: don’t just pick something that will lead a narrative or description of the topic – so, not a ‘what’ or ‘when’ question; rather, have a ‘why’ or ‘to what extent’ question. Pick something that will foster critical evaluation if the issue, the debates around the issue, different conceptual perspectives etc – in other words, pick something where you can to take a position and defend it.
Pick a question that will allow you to critically interrogate how one or more of the paradigms in IR are applicable to the topic. This doesn’t mean necessarily adopt a realist or liberal position, for instance (though you obviously can), but show how such paradigms may or may not be useful to actually understanding the issue by critically interrogating some of the positions adopted by other authors – why/not useful? Assumptions? In other words, in your essays show that you can engage in some of the key debates in IR about their chosen issue and take a position in relation to them.
You should consult with a teaching assistant on your choice of question.
Thirdly, draw on material from a variety of mediums, with an emphasis on scholarly sources.
Fourthly, show that you can construct a coherent and cogent argument over a sustained piece of writing. So, we'd like to see a formal essay format (intro, body, conclusion) replete with correct in-text referencing and bibliography.

Essay Sample Content Preview:

International Security: Why Is The Middle East at The Center of International Security?
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Introduction
The 2011 Arab uprisings resulted in popular demands for social justice, greater political participation, and better governance. When governments failed to satisfy these demands, the international stage was set for major security issues. In Yemen, an autocratic government collapsed but so did subsequent efforts to create a new regime. Similarly, in Syria, civil war broke out when the ruling party subjected its citizens to extreme brutality. Washington, Moscow, London, and other international players were drawn into the war when their interests came under threat. To date, the results have been a web of overlapping responses to various sets of conflicts involving numerous actors. The underlying question is why is a hot and arid region that makes up only 3.3% of the world’s population at the center of international security? Using the geographical location of the Middle East, the region’s political framework, and the presence of non-state armed groups, this paper examines why the Middle East is at the core of international security.
Geographical location
Although other regions are renowned for magnificent things, the Middle East is located in a strategic and unique geographical position. Strategically, the Middle East is a bridge that connects Europe, Asia, and Africa. Importantly, the Middle East is the original site of some of the world's earliest civilizations and the birthplace of three religions; Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. As a result, the occurrence of any intra-state or inter-state conflict in the Middle East has the potential to destabilize the whole region, upset the balance of power of foreign actors in the region, and impact global stability (Barzegar, 2019).
In recent years, the strategic significance of the geographical location of the Middle East has become more important due to the presence of enormous deposits of oil. The Middle East produces 65% of the oil used globally and is also the leading net exporter of oil. Saudi Arabia leads the region in oil production and exportation at an average of 42% followed by Iran at 19% (Odel, 2014). On the other hand, despite the United States being less dependent on Middle East oil, the US Energy Information Administration indicates that the US imported 328.7 million barrels from Saudi Arabia in 2018.
Any conflicts arising in the Middle East has a serious impact on the global crude oil prices, which in turn has impacts on the overall prices of goods. Such a strong impact on the global economy is what has always pushed the region to the global centrestage. Interestingly, whenever there is a confrontation between Middle East countries, they resort to bombing each other’s oil infrastructure. For instance, in 2019, the Houthis, an Iranian rebel group, attacked Saudi Arabia’s oil reserves, which significantly increased oil prices around the world. Therefore, the Middle East is at the core of world affairs; a culturally, politically, and economically sensitive area that influences international security. 
 Weak regional and political frameworks
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