A&P2: The Urinary System

A&P2: The urinary system
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Erythropoietin (EPO)
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that is produced by the kidneys and it is involved in the regulation of red blood cells. The synthetic form of EPO has been used by athletes as a performance-enhancing drug, especially in the endurance sports like cycling. Athletes and sports people use the EPO to improve their performance since the production of red blood cells (RBC) in the bone marrow increases, and this is associated with carrying blood. The performance improves since athletes have better aerobic resistance capacity and they also postpone resistance. The potential negative effects of EPO is that the blood may be too thick to flow when there is prolonged use of EPO, and this increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes. The complete blood count (CBC) is a screening laboratory test undertaken with the aim of determining the concentration, percentage, quality and type of blood cells (Lockwood, 2013). To identify whether EPO has been used the Red blood cell (erythrocyte) count (RBC), is used and focuses on levels of RBC based on the gender and age. The RBC transports the oxygen to from lung tissues lungs and carbon dioxide from lung tissues to the lungs (Lockwood, 2013).
Diabetes, kidney filtration, excessive thirst and urine output
The kidney is responsible for removing the excess body fluid from the bloodstream, but for someone with diabetes there is no proper regulation of the fluids. Normally, when the fluid regulation systems functions there is less production of urine as the body water decreases. With excessive urination, the body then retains little water, and this increases the risk of dehydration and dry mouth. There is also an electrolyte imbalance where the levels of minerals like sodium and potassium are not maintained and this can cause fatigue. For patients with diabetes, there is a risk that the small blood vessels will get injured, and this affects the kidneys that are unable to clean the blood properly (Thompson, 2014). There is then water and salts that are retained, and at other times waste materials are not filtered during the progress of the kidney disease albumin a blood protein leaks int...