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2 pages/β‰ˆ550 words
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APA
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Health, Medicine, Nursing
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English (U.S.)
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504 MPH Module 5 Case: Sensitivity and Specificity of Screening Tests

Essay Instructions:

PLEASE FOLLOW INSTRUCTION FROM LAST ASSIGNMENT. LIST QUESTIONS. MUST USE ATTACHMENT
Case Assignment
Answer these questions
What would be the impact on this test's sensitivity if you moved the cutoff for a positive result from A to B? What about specificity? What would happen to sensitivity and specificity if you moved the cutoff from A to C? Where would you put the cutoff for this test? What is the relationship between sensitivity and specificity for any given test?
Where would the director of the Blood Bank who is screening donated blood for HIV antibody want to put the cutoff? What would be the potential problem caused by this decision? Where would an investigator enrolling high-risk patients in a clinical trial for an experimental, potentially toxic antiretroviral draw the cutoff? What would be the potential problem caused by this decision? In your answer please detail possible ethical and legal issues of possible concern.
Assignment Expectations
Length: Case assignments should be at least 2 pages (500 words) in length.
References: At least two references must be included from academic sources (e.g. peer-reviewed journal articles). Required readings are included. Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper (since the focus of these assignments is critical thinking). Use your own words and build on the ideas of others. When material is copied verbatim from external sources, it MUST be enclosed in quotes. The references should be cited within the text and also listed at the end of the assignment in the References section (APA format recommended).
Organization: Subheadings should be used to organize your paper according to question
Format: APA format is recommended for this assignment. See Syllabus page for more information on APA format.
Grammar and Spelling: While no points are deducted, assignments are expected to adhere to standards guidelines of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and sentence syntax. Points may be deducted if grammar and spelling impact clarity.
The following items will be assessed in particular:
Achievement of learning objectives for case assignment
Relevance (e.g. all content is connected to the question)
Precision (e.g. specific question is addressed. Statements, facts, and statistics are specific and accurate).
Depth of discussion (e.g. present and integrate points that lead to deeper issues)
Breadth (e.g. multiple perspectives and references, multiple issues/factors considered)
Evidence (e.g. points are well-supported with facts, statistics and references)
Logic (e.g. presented discussion makes sense, conclusions are logically supported by premises, statements, or factual information)
Clarity (e.g. writing is concise, understandable, and contains sufficient detail or examples)
Objectivity (e.g. avoid use of first person and subjective bias)

Essay Sample Content Preview:

MPH504 Epidemiology Module 5 - Case
Name
Course
Instructor
Date
Sensitivity and specificity of screening tests
Sensitivity relates to the accuracy of the test to indicate those who are truly diseased, while specificity is the probability of the screening test correctly classifying people who do not have the disease (Lalkhen & McCluskey, 2008). In the case of testing HIV the likelihood that a patient tests positive for HIV indicates sensitivity, while the likelihood that patients who do not have HIV test negative indicate specificity. Increase the cut-off point from point A to B to the right will improve specificity while decreasing sensitivity. On the other hand, moving the cu-off point to the left from A to C may increase the sensitivity, while the specificity worsens. The cut-off point for the HIV screening tests ought to be at A, as this offers the best predictive value using the criterion of positivity/ normal. When screening to prevent transmission of HIV as a preventable disease especially during blood donations, there is emphasis on sensitivity
The sensitivity and specificity depends on the chosen cutoff point value in identifying the normal and abnormal test results. The screening tests should be highly specific and sensitive for the test results to be reliable and valid. Increasing the cutoff level (moving to the right) increases the number of false negative tests and decreases the false positive tests, as it becomes more specific and less sensitive. This shows that an increase in specificity may cause a decrease in sensitivity and vice versa as specificity and sensitivity are inversely related. Additionally, as sensitivity increases, the false rate decreases while the sensitivity increases the rate of false negatives increases. Ideally, the screening tests should be 100% sensitive and 100 % specific with neither false positives nor false negatives.
Screening donated blood for HIV antibody and the cutoff
Making decisions about the cutoff value of screening test depends o...
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