Sampling, Article Review And Scales Of Measurement

Sampling, Article Review and Scales of Measurement Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Date Sampling, Article Review and Scales of Measurement Population A population refers to a set of elements which possess common characteristics and is used researchers to draw conclusions. Sample A sample refers to the selected element in the population which has been chosen for the purpose of a certain study. Research Scenario A scenario where we would like to research on pregnancy. The study population will be pregnant women. The number of pregnant women is large and for the purpose of research a sample has to be selected from the population. Bias Bias refers to a systematic error which affect research and the measurement process which lead to the study losing it validity. Measurement Levels The nominal level of measurement describes variables that are categorical in nature. The characteristics of the data collected fall into distinct categories The ordinal level of measurement describes variables that can be ordered or ranked in some order of importance (Zeilinger, 2015). It describes most judgments about things. Majority of the scales utilized in social sciences are ordinal in nature. The interval level of measurement describes classifies and orders the measurements. It also measures the distances between the intervals from low to high intervals such as temperature, time. The ratio level of measurement describes measurements that have equal and zero values as well values (BASS, 2017,). There is a likelihood of having a zero income, education and no crime involvements, but it is rare to have ratio levels values in studies because it is hard to have zero attitudes towards variables to classify them in this level. Sampling Procedures Sampling Type Probability Sampling or Nonprobability Sampling Definition Characteristics of the methodology Limitations of the methodology Create a short scenario where you would employ the sampling procedure Convenience Sampling Non- probability Involves selecting cases or units of observation as they become available to the researcher There is no random selection. There is a high risk of sampling error. Data collected under this method has a high possibility of being biased. Since it is used as the unit of observation become available the researcher may opt to use it in his or her workplace, at school or club when he wants to gather information that is readily available from such groups. Quota Sampling Non-probability The researcher purposively selects subjects to fit the quotas identified. Lack of sampling frame. It gives no assurance that the sample is representative of the variables being studied. Maybe used where the researcher intends to compare academic performance of different student in relation to their gender. Judgmental Sampling Non-probability The researcher selects a sample depending on their professional judgement and knowledge It is based on professional judgement and knowledge. There is a high possibility of biasness It requires too large samples and it is also wasteful in terms of time and resource In a research where the researcher wants to know what it takes to graduate with a degree...